Adobe (Croft) in part by an award from Adobe Systems, Inc. Air Force/DEFT in part by DARPA under agreement number FA8750-1 3-2-0020. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon. Aladdin (Allan) in part by the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) via Department of Interior National Business Center contract number D11-PC20066. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation thereon. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of IARPA, DOI/NBC, or the U.S. Government Alexa in part by the Amazon Alexa Prize Competition Amazon (Croft) in part by Amazon.com Amazon ARA (Zamani) in part by by an Amazon Research Award, Fall 2022 CFP Amazon ARA25 (Zamani) Research reported in this publication was supported by an Amazon Research Award, Fall 2025 BOLT (Allan) in part by IBM subcontract #4913003298 under DARPA prime contract #HR001-12-C-0015 CZI in part by the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative under the project Scientific Knowledge Base Construction. Careers (Zamani) in part by NSF grant number 2143434 Cisco (HZ25) in part by Cisco DARPA/LORELEI in part by DARPA under agreement number HRO011-15-2-0036. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon. Google in part by an award from Google Gypsum HPC Cluster in part using high performance computing equipment obtained under a grant from the Collaborative R&D Fund managed by the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative. IALS-Manning (Allan) in part by a UMass Amherst Manning/IALS Innovation grant IARPA CLEAR/BETTER (Allan) This research is based upon work supported in part by the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval, and in part by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), via Contract No. 2019-19051600007 under Univ. of Southern California subcontract no. 124338456. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of ODNI, IARPA, or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation therein. IARPA FLAIR (Allan) in part by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and IARPA under contract #FA8650-17-C-9118 under subcontract #14775 from Raytheon BBN Technologies Corporation IARPA SARAL (Croft) in part by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) via AFRL contact #FA8650-17-C-9116 under subcontract #94671240 from the University of Southern California. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of the ODNI, IARPA, or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation thereon. IBM (Croft) in part by IBM Eclipse Innovation Faculty Award LEMUR 4 in part by NSF grant #CNS-0934322 LEMUR 5 in part by NSF grant #CNS-1405829 LEMUR 6 (Allan) in part by NSF grant number 1822986 Lowes (Zamani) in part by Lowes Million Books (Allan) in part by NSF grant #IIS-0910884 Monster in part by Monster NIH (UMass Medical) in part by UMass Medical School sub contract under National Institutes of Health grant 5R01GM095476. NSF Athena in part by NSF grant #2106282. NSF CAREER (Rahimi) in part by NSF grant number 2339932 NSF CAREER (Zamani) in part by NSF grant number 2143434 NSF DMREF in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMR-1534431. NSF EAGER (Allan) in part by NSF IIS-2039449 NSF Ephemeral (Croft) in part by NSF IIS-1160894 NSF III Universal Schema in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. IIS-1514053. NSF Iterative Feedback (Croft) in part by NSF IIS-1715095 NSF Mirador (Allan) in part by NSF grant number 1813662 NSF ONR (Allan and Zamani) in part by the Office of Naval Research contract number N000142212688 NSF REML (Zamani) in part by NSF grant number 2402873 NSF RI Universal Schema in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1514053. NSF SBIR (Allan and Shiri) in part by NSF grant number 1819477 NSF SearchIE (Allan) in part by NSF grant #IIS-1617408 NSF TPS (Allan) in part by NSF grant #IIS-1217281 NSF Text Packages (Croft) in part by NSF grant #IIS-1419693 ONR2 (Zamani) in part by the Office of Naval Research contract number N000142412612 Proteus (Allan) in part by a subcontract from Northeastern University supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Swarm2 HPC Cluster in part using high performance computing equipment obtained under a grant from the Collaborative R&D Fund managed by the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative. Transforming Long Queries(Croft) in part by ARRA NSF IIS-9014442 Unity The computational resources for this work are provided by the Unity Research Computing Platform, a multi-institutional cluster lead by UMass Amherst, the University of Rhode Island, and UMass Dartmouth. UpToDate in part by UpToDate Yahoo in part by Yahoo!