<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="13"> But it had all been staged by FBI agents as an exercise in terrorism and negotiation, part of a series of mock hijackings that the FBI has been conducting at airlines around the nation.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="17"> Immediately after the Pan Am incident in December, the Federal Aviation Administration accelerated its order for six machines that can detect plastic explosives.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="20"> At the Athens airport all luggage is hand-searched, then sealed before check-in.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="25"> Then, before passengers are allowed to board the plane, they have to identify each of their bags before they are loaded onto the aircraft.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="26"> In France the civil aviation agency has announced funding for two advanced weapon-detection systems for checked baggage and cargo containers.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="31"> In the United States, American Airlines has ordered 19 X-ray scanning devices that are capable of detecting plastic explosives for use at all airports where American's international flights originate or terminate.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="35"> "The real problem with airline security breaches as it now stands has little to do with new machines or equipment," an airline security consultant said.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="36"> "It's the human factor -- the quality of the people we hire to operate the machines and the training we give them".</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="37"> To be sure, most recorded breaches in security during surprise FAA inspections have occurred because personnel manning the equipment have missed weapons, bombs and other devices intentionally packed in bags by security officials.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="40"> One system, Thermal Neutron Activation, acts almost independent of human judgment and doesn't require a security employee to interpret what is flashed on a screen.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="45"> After that passenger leaves, an immediate chemical analysis is performed on the air sample, looking for the telltale chemical signatures of dynamite, plastic and TNT.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="48"> The new machines are working with high-technology identity documents.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="49"> But we may have to wait as long as three years for these machines to be installed at high-risk airports.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="50"> The U.S. systems ordered by the FAA may not be in place until the end of this year.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="51"> And the French weapon detection systems won't be in place until a year from now, and won't be fully operational until later next year.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="52"> In addition, the systems are only useful in detecting weapons or guns, not explosives.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="53"> "All of this will undoubtedly help in reducing the potential for disaster," says one airline security chief.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="54"> "But we're still dealing with countries and terrorist organizations that will try to beat the system no matter what we do".</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="55"> For example, some U.S. airline security experts say that Libya has developed ways to disguise plastic explosives, molding the material into the shapes of hair dryers, calculators and other items typically found in passenger bags.</s>

<s docid="LA031289-0199" num="56"> "Given the sheer volume of bags checked in by passengers," one head of airline security said, "the odds of these devices getting past us is still good".</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-68194" num="25"> Lord Mackay, the aviation minister, will use a visit to Manchester Airport on Monday to announce that from July 1 every airline operating international flights out of Britain must introduce some system to ensure that luggage and passengers match.</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-68194" num="26"> Using the bar-code technology favoured by the Government, travellers would have a code stamped on their boarding pass when checking-in and the same code stamped on luggage they send for storage in the hold of their flight.</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-68194" num="36"> Meanwhile, the first system for automatically detecting explosives in luggage is now installed at Heathrow and Gatwick.</s>

<s docid="FT922-10112" num="13"> It is standard on both sides of the Atlantic to X-ray all luggage, whether stowed in the hold or hand-carried.</s>

<s docid="FT922-10112" num="14"> But in Britain and the US it often seems to me that security operators are suffering from terminal boredom and are not as alert as, say, those at Hong Kong's Kai Tak or Singapore's Changi airports, who use twin multicoloured screens.</s>

<s docid="FT922-10112" num="16"> In spite of demanding check-in three hours before departure, India's X-ray screens are frequently fuzzy and operators more meticulous in ensuring that baggage and boarding cards have a proper stamp than in conducting effective checks.</s>

<s docid="FT922-10112" num="18"> No airline matches El Al's thoroughness either in screening passengers and their luggage or in securing the aircraft itself.</s>

<s docid="FT922-10112" num="19"> Typically, airlines excuse themselves by saying that passengers would not put up with the time that El Al takes - but I would rather be subjected to El Al's professionalism than put up with the perfunctory, always offhand and frequently rude questioning of British Airways or Air Canada.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-45385" num="33"> Be strict in checking passenger identification certificates according to rules, regulations and institutions, implement repeated checking on luggage, and there must be some restrictions on hand- carried luggage.</s>

<s docid="LA091790-0043" num="42"> Nearby, security personnel ran tests on the X-ray scanners and metal detectors, which were on-line early to run checks on the handful of workers active in the gate areas.</s>

<s docid="LA091790-0043" num="43"> A "test bag" containing fake guns, replicas of bombs and other deadly devices proved the equipment worked -- the outlines of two pistols and a time bomb clearly showed up on the security screens.</s>

<s docid="FT931-6812" num="7"> The measures will eventually ensure that all hold baggage will be X-rayed and every piece of luggage put on board an aircraft will be matched to a passenger.</s>

<s docid="FT931-6812" num="10"> Unaccompanied baggage or any item that could not be accounted for would be subjected to stringent security controls before it was authorised to be carried, he said.</s>

<s docid="FT931-6812" num="18"> Matching passengers to baggage is already done manually at most airports, although Manchester will examine whether this can be automated using bar-coded labels now attached to luggage for automated sorting and handling.</s>

<s docid="LA112989-0105" num="10"> To the U.S.</s>

<s docid="LA112989-0105" num="11"> Customs Service agent at Los Angeles International Airport, the object spotted by an X-ray machine in a piece of luggage bound for Colombia on an Avianca Airlines jet looked like "three sticks of dynamite, bound together".</s>

<s docid="FT943-5328" num="12"> The big dates in the world of airline security, are September 12 1970 - when Palestinian terrorists blew up three airliners in Jordan, and simultaneously attempted to hijack an El Al jet at Heathrow; and December 21 1988 - the date of the Lockerbie bombing.</s>

<s docid="FT943-5328" num="13"> The first prompted the worldwide introduction of X-ray scanners and metal detectors; while the second led to the present mish-mash of regulations, concerning inter alia the carrying of electrical items and the problem of identifying which passengers are responsible for which pieces of luggage.</s>

<s docid="FT943-5328" num="28"> In fact, much of Britain's airline and airport security is mandated directly by the Department of Transport.</s>

<s docid="FT943-5328" num="29"> There is a bottom line imposed by the DoT, below which carriers may not go; although they can add further procedures as they choose.</s>

<s docid="FT943-5328" num="30"> Some of the more recent DoT regulations include checks on baggage going into the holds of aircraft (in addition to the hand luggage searches introduced some years ago); tougher security arrangements for airport staff; and making it an offence to give false information about the contents of one's baggage.</s>

<s docid="FR941206-1-00140" num="23"> Such actions may include requiring air carriers or airport operators to change their procedures for protecting security information, or change the security procedures in place that may have been compromised by unauthorized release of the information.</s>

<s docid="FR941206-1-00140" num="26"> The FAA now withholds such information from public disclosure based on findings under §191.5 that disclosure would be detrimental to the safety of persons traveling in air transportation or intrastate air transportation.</s>

<s docid="LA051690-0101" num="13"> And in a blow to what had been touted as a promising new safeguard, the panel urged the government to halt deployment of hundreds of bomb detectors in airports around the world.</s>

<s docid="LA051690-0101" num="14"> It concluded that the costly devices are incapable of detecting sophisticated plastic explosives in the small quantity that blew the London-to-New York jetliner and its 259 crew members and passengers from the sky.</s>

<s docid="LA051690-0101" num="28"> Pan Am, in violation of FAA regulations, routinely neglected at its high-risk airport in Frankfurt, Germany, to hand-search luggage not accompanied by a passenger on the plane.</s>

<s docid="LA051690-0101" num="29"> The FAA appeared to have condoned the security violations and never disciplined Pan Am, even though its investigators warned before the Pan Am attack that the airline's security system in Frankfurt was "held together only by. . . the tenuous threads of bad luck" .</s>

<s docid="LA051690-0101" num="30"> Luggage from Pan Am 103 was left unguarded on a Heathrow Airport tarmac for more than half an hour before being loaded aboard a Boeing 747 for the London-to-New York leg of the flight, which originated with another plane in Frankfurt.</s>

<s docid="LA051690-0101" num="32"> The commission found that at least one piece of unaccompanied luggage was loaded onto the flight in Frankfurt after only an X-ray search -- a technique incapable of detecting the deadly Semtex plastic explosive hidden inside the radio.</s>

<s docid="LA051690-0101" num="33"> The commission reported that the Pan Am security breach in Frankfurt "incredibly" persisted for nearly nine months after the bombing.</s>

<s docid="LA051690-0101" num="42"> In recommending that the FAA halt its $175-million program to supply Thermal Neutron Analysis bomb-detection machines to 150 airports around the world, the commission said that it believes the devices cannot detect small but deadly quantities of plastic explosive without an unacceptably high rate of false alarms.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-46136" num="16"> 3768) and Li Dahong (2621 1129 1347): "People Across the Strait Say `No' to Hijackers"] [Text] Beijing, 21 Jan (XINHUA) -- According to the Civil Aviation General Administration, it began implementing new stipulations on security checks since the middle of last November on passenger airliners serving the southeastern coastal regions.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-46136" num="17"> These include: a strict check of passengers, opening and checking passengers' limited hand-carried luggage, and forbidding passengers to carry aboard any hand tools and cutlery which could be used to hijack aircraft.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-46136" num="45"> It should be said that although the hijackings by Zhuo Changren, Zhang Qingguo, and Long Guiyun, as well as the shelter given to them by and the connivance of the Taiwan authorities did not produce for mainland civil aviation a tragedy of plane crashes and human casualties, these did indeed "set up" an extremely dangerous "time bomb".</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-46136" num="46"> To the mainland's criminal elements, the Taiwan authorities' actions are like their sending them this "message: "If you hijack a plane to Taiwan, all you have to do is to `sit' in prison for several years and then you may be allowed to `settle' on the island".</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-46136" num="53"> In 1990, Taiwan's relevant authority, yielding to the pressure of public opinion, announced that Taiwan would not welcome hijackers and anyone hijacking a plane to Taiwan would be promptly repatriated.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-46136" num="124"> In particular, since the beginning of this year, in view of the frequent hijacking of planes to Taiwan, CAAC appropriated 100 million yuan for the procurement of additional security instruments and facilities (including relatively advanced X-ray machines and security inspection doors generally used by civil airports of various countries) for various airports despite the tight budget.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-46136" num="125"> CAAC has also strengthened professional training for ground and air security personnel in light of the situation.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-46136" num="126"> It was learned that CAAC has provided special equipment, which can be used to restrain hijackers without endangering flying safety, for airplane security personnel.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-46136" num="127"> CAAC has warned, transferred, or dismissed a number of staff members and workers who were held responsible for the hijacking incidents last year.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-46136" num="128"> It was also learned that due to resolute measures adopted by the CAAC, several plane hijacking attempts were foiled on the mainland last year.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-46136" num="139"> It is hoped that Chinese and foreign tourists would, like Mr. Liu, understand why CAAC cannot but adopt temporary safety inspection measures to the point of "annoying passengers".</s>

<s docid="FR941206-1-00136" num="23"> Background The Security Regulatory Scheme Sections 315 and 316 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended (FAAct) (49 U.S.C. app.</s>

<s docid="FR941206-1-00136" num="24"> 1356, 1357), require the FAA to prescribe rules, as needed, to protect persons and property aboard aircraft against acts of criminal violence and aircraft piracy, and to prescribe rules for screening passengers for weapons.</s>

<s docid="FR941206-1-00136" num="33"> This program includes procedures for: (1) screening of passengers, carry-on baggage, checked baggage, and cargo; (2) using screening devices (such as X-ray systems and metal detectors); (3) controlling access to aircraft and air carrier facilities; (4) reporting and responding to bomb threats, hijackings, and weapons discovered during screening; (5) reporting and protecting bomb threat information; (6) identifying special procedures required at airports with special security needs; and (7) training and testing standards for crewmembers and security personnel.</s>

<s docid="LA091689-0057" num="11"> In the last six weeks alone, police have used a newly installed X-ray scanner at Manila's Ninoy Aquino International Air port to intercept 418 guns arriving on a dozen Philippine Airlines flights arriving from Los Angeles and San Francisco.</s>

<s docid="LA091689-0057" num="17"> According to Federal Aviation Administration officials in Los Angeles, screening passengers and baggage for contraband weaponry at U.S. airports is the responsibility of the individual carriers, whether foreign or domestic.</s>

<s docid="LA091689-0057" num="19"> At San Francisco, for example, Philippine Airlines and most other carriers rely on metal detectors and/or cursory "pat-down" searches to check passengers.</s>

<s docid="LA091689-0057" num="20"> Baggage is X-rayed at random.</s>

<s docid="LA091689-0057" num="21"> Philippine Airlines spokesman Enrique B.</s>

<s docid="LA091689-0057" num="22"> Santos said in Manila that half the bags on Philippine Airlines' five weekly flights from San Francisco are checked by X-ray.</s>

<s docid="LA091689-0057" num="23"> Six of the 10 flights from Honolulu also are checked, he said.</s>

<s docid="LA091689-0057" num="26"> Airport officials here now use the X-ray scanner for all flights from the United States.</s>

<s docid="LA091689-0057" num="27"> Several weapons were detected on Northwest Airlines and Continental flights in June and July, records show.</s>

<s docid="LA091689-0057" num="40"> On Aug. 21, customs police arrested Dominique C. Adams, 22, of Orem, Utah, after the X-ray scanner detected blurry images inside six boxes of truck parts she took on a Philippine Airlines flight from San Francisco.</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-68195" num="18"> [Text] Luggage loaded into aircraft holds at Britain's main airports will be automatically screened for explosives from 1996.</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-68195" num="19"> BAA, the private company which operates the airports, is to spend \|[pound ]\|150 million installing the screening system, which has been developed as the latest technology has become available.</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-68195" num="20"> It will be installed initially at Heathrow and Gatwick airports to check bags being transferred between international flights, but will eventually be in operation at BAA's seven airports.</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-68195" num="21"> The screening process is aimed at averting a repeat of the Lockerbie disaster of 1988, when explosives were smuggled aboard a Pan-Am jet.</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-68195" num="23"> The system being installed is capable of screening up to 20 bags a minute, so will not slow down normal check-in procedures.</s>

<s docid="FT922-7222" num="18"> Previous legislative moves by individual government and transport organisations such as the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) had proved largely ineffective.</s>

<s docid="FT922-7222" num="19"> It took Lockerbie, and two other aircraft bombings in 1989 - a French UTA aircraft over Niger and a Colombian Avianca flight near Bogota - to prompt governments to consider new air transport security measures.</s>

<s docid="FT922-7222" num="20"> In the UK, it has led to moves to establish a register of couriers, express companies and airfreight forwarders with recognised security clearance when it comes to shipping goods by air.</s>

<s docid="FT922-7222" num="21"> Representatives from the UK airline, airport, forwarding and courier and express sectors, plus Customs, have met Department of Transport officials on several occasions to discuss the sort of measures companies must take in order to qualify for such registration.</s>

<s docid="FT922-7222" num="44"> Another general problem confronting the courier and express industry and other air transport organisations seeking to improve security is the lack of suitable equipment for checking the contents of parcels and larger cargoes.</s>

<s docid="FT922-7222" num="45"> Both X-Ray machines and equipment employing Thermal Neutron Activation (TNA) technology, which basically 'sniffs' the air for explosives particles, have failed to prove particularly reliable in use.</s>

<s docid="LA092189-0137" num="11"> In the aftermath of the Dec. 21 disaster, the Federal Aviation Administration found lapses in Pan Am's passenger and baggage screening at Frankfurt and London, where the New York-bound flight originated and stopped.</s>

<s docid="LA092189-0137" num="18"> Leyden said that the violations included failure to identify passengers for further screening before allowing them and their baggage aboard the flight, improper methods used to check carry-on baggage of passengers and failure to conduct the required search of cargo areas before loading the airliner.</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-19994" num="19"> ``For some time, the Government has been seeking an available and effective means of identifying and dealing with the `rogue bag' that is a bag introduced into the air transport system which has no connection with any passenger on a particular flight.</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-19994" num="22"> The Department of Transport's nine-fold increase in expenditure on and ten-fold increase in staff involved in aviation security over the last five years are figures that speak for themselves.</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-19994" num="23"> It is this commitment which has propelled the advances in technology which make it possible for me to issue today a Direction which will result in airline passengers travelling from the UK enjoying one of the highest level of security in the world.</s>

<s docid="LA050589-0065" num="11"> The ban, covering items carried by hand or in luggage, would prevent such items from being used to smuggle plastic explosives aboard planes until sophisticated bomb-detection devices can be installed at high-risk airports around the world.</s>

<s docid="LA050589-0065" num="16"> Relatives of some of the 270 people killed in the Dec. 21 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 asked that radio-cassette players and similar devices be banned after officials concluded that plastic explosives concealed in such a unit blew up the plane over Scotland.</s>

<s docid="LA050589-0065" num="17"> Existing X-ray units used for hand-carried items cannot detect plastic explosives, and checked-in luggage usually is not scanned at all.</s>

<s docid="LA050589-0065" num="18"> The Transportation Department has ordered airlines to buy and install devices that can detect plastic bombs, such as thermal neutron analysis units, which have been tested by the Federal Aviation Administration on checked-in luggage.</s>

<s docid="LA050589-0065" num="19"> Skinner said the first unit will be installed at John F. Kennedy International Airport in July and another one in Great Britain later in the year.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-23332" num="17"> [Text] Four airlines, including Virgin Atlantic, failed to detect Semtex bombs being smuggled by government security investigators on board their aircraft at Heathrow.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-23332" num="18"> Staff checking baggage and monitoring x-ray machines missed the devices, some of which were hidden inside Mr Blobby dolls and built out of Semtex, detonators and electric wires.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-23332" num="20"> American, United and KLM Royal Dutch also failed the test, conducted by Transec (transport security) officials working for the Department of Transport, after a complaint about security loopholes from a former security employee at the airport.</s>

<s docid="FT942-16387" num="6"> The new equipment - devised on government orders after the 1988 bombing of a Pan Am aircraft over Scotland - uses computerised X-ray machinery to analyse materials and match them to profiles of explosives, says BAA.</s>

<s docid="FT942-16387" num="9"> The system will be positioned in the baggage-sorting area, to examine luggage after it has been checked in.</s>

<s docid="FT942-16387" num="10"> The system has been on trial at Glasgow airport and will initially be installed at London's Heathrow and Gatwick airports to check international transit baggage.</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-21704" num="17"> [Text] Security at Kai Tak is open to abuse by terrorists and below standard for one of the world's busiest airports, claims a former chairman of Hong Kong's Security Association.</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-21704" num="32"> When checking in, passengers are asked if they packed their case and whether they have left it unattended.</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-21704" num="34"> This is called passenger screening and is devised to check whether a person is a bona fide traveller''.</s>

