<s docid="LA033089-0013" num="18"> Furthermore, the report continues, "the potential benefits of calcium intake above the RDAs to prevent osteoporosis or hypertension are not well-documented and do not justify the use of calcium supplements".</s>

<s docid="LA033089-0013" num="24"> They are re-emphasizing the importance of building bone during the formative years, noting that older women consuming less than half the calcium needed over a prolonged period can suffer a loss of nearly 5% of spinal bone per year.</s>

<s docid="LA033089-0013" num="28"> Research data indicates that taking extra calcium after menopause probably doesn't slow bone loss and building additional bone during youth -- when the soft tissue inside the bones is in a continuous state of development -- is the best insurance against osteoporosis later in life.</s>

<s docid="LA033089-0013" num="45"> "Just taking a lot of calcium later in life, without replacing the female hormones, is not going to increase bone formation as it does earlier in life".</s>

<s docid="LA033089-0013" num="51"> "The study suggests that postmenopausal women most likely to benefit from increased calcium are those who consume less than 400 milligrams a day, the equivalent of 1 1/3 glasses of milk," she said.</s>

<s docid="LA051889-0006" num="10"> This aversion to dairy products may be responsible for the escalating rise in osteoporosis in this country, which is the underlying cause of the nation's 1.3 million bone fractures each year.</s>

<s docid="LA051889-0006" num="14"> At a Dairy Council of California nutrition press conference in Costa Mesa recently, Dr. Troy Holbrook, assistant adjunct professor of community and family medicine at UCSD, described calcium as estrogen's pre-menopausal equal in preventing hip fractures.</s>

<s docid="LA051889-0006" num="28"> The theory was that if during youth, calcium intake is increased, a heavier, more dense skeleton might develop.</s>

<s docid="LA051889-0006" num="30"> While there is still considerable debate over the effects of increasing calcium in the diet of post-menopausal women -- whether or not it can prevent, or at best, retard bone loss without estrogen supplementation -- studies have indicated with some certainty that added calcium is of benefit to pre-menopausal women.</s>

<s docid="LA051889-0006" num="34"> Her conclusion: Adequate dietary calcium intake is a valuable measurement of risk factor for osteoporosis later in life.</s>

<s docid="FR940525-1-00079" num="3"> ( 3 ) The claim states that adequate calcium intake throughout life is linked to reduced risk of osteoporosis through the mechanism of optimizing peak bone mass during adolescence and early adulthood.</s>

<s docid="FR940525-1-00079" num="5"> When reference is made to persons with a family history of the disease, menopausal women, and elderly men and women, the claim may also state that adequate calcium intake is linked to reduced risk of osteoporosis through the mechanism of slowing the rate of the bone loss; ( 4 ) The claim does not attribute any degree of reduction in risk of osteoporosis to maintaining an adequate calcium intake throughout life; and ( 5 ) The claim states that a total dietary intake greater than 200 percent of the Recommended Daily Intake (2,000 mg of calcium) has no further known benefit to bone health.</s>

<s docid="FR940525-1-00079" num="16"> (ii) [FOR FOODS EXCEPTIONALLY HIGH IN CALCIUM] Regular exercise and a healthy diet with enough calcium helps teens and young adult white and Asian women maintain good bone health and may reduce their high risk of osteoporosis later in life.</s>

<s docid="FR940525-1-00078" num="10"> (a) Calcium and osteoporosis _(1) Relationship between calcium and osteoporosis An inadequate calcium intake contributes to low peak bone mass and has been identified as one of the many risk factors in the development of osteoporosis.</s>

<s docid="FR940525-1-00078" num="27"> (ii) Maintenance of an adequate intake of calcium throughout life is particularly important for a subpopulation of individuals at greatest risk of developing osteoporosis and for whom adequate dietary calcium intake may have the most important beneficial effects on bone health.</s>

<s docid="FR940525-1-00050" num="12"> The health claim will relay the message that an adequate intake of calcium throughout life may delay the development of osteoporosis, and ultimately reduce the risk of bone fracture in some individuals later in life.</s>

<s docid="FR940525-1-00050" num="13"> Adequate calcium intake levels for the healthy population as established by the Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the RDAs, Food and Nutrition Board, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council are: 800 milligrams per day for males and females 25 years of age and older, 1,200 milligrams per day for males and females 11 to 24 years of age, and 800 milligrams per day for children (1 to 10 years).</s>

<s docid="LA020490-0136" num="20"> When calcium supplements are combined with estrogen supplements, they seem to make the estrogen more effective in strengthening bone, Dalsky said.</s>

<s docid="LA020490-0136" num="52"> Calcium deficiency in childhood and early adulthood can also increase the risk.</s>

<s docid="FR940603-2-00065" num="13"> Calcium intake is thought to help build denser, stronger bones in early life and to slow the rate of bone loss with age.</s>

<s docid="FR940603-2-00065" num="14"> Results from several studies reported in the recent medical literature suggest that increased calcium intake is beneficial for bone health in people in different age groups, from children to the very elderly.</s>

<s docid="LA092890-0067" num="14"> Past research on the effectiveness of calcium supplements has yielded mixed results because most studies have failed to distinguish between women who are recently postmenopausal and those who are well beyond menopause, Dawson-Hughes said.</s>

<s docid="LA092890-0067" num="29"> The results showed that women who had undergone menopause five or fewer years earlier had significant bone loss that was unaffected by supplements in any form.</s>

<s docid="LA092890-0067" num="33"> But after about five years, the supplements appeared to prevent further bone loss in women deficient in calcium.</s>

<s docid="LA092890-0067" num="39"> Women who received calcium carbonate maintained bone density in the hip and forearm but lost bone in the spine.</s>

<s docid="LA092890-0067" num="41"> Among women with higher dietary calcium intake, there were no differences among subjects taking either form of calcium supplement or the placebo.</s>

<s docid="FT932-1044" num="40"> Giving calcium (the main mineral in bone) directly as a dietary supplement does not appear to prevent osteoporosis in well-nourished women.</s>

<s docid="LA072289-0144" num="30"> Common deficiencies of the aging include shortages of calcium and Vitamin D necessary to combat osteoporosis, the trace minerals zinc and iron, and essential B vitamins, such as thiamine, Folacin, B-6 and B-12.</s>

<s docid="FT924-979" num="7"> Calcium. This mineral is essential in maintaining bone density, nerve transmission, heart beat regulation, muscle contraction and blood clotting.</s>

<s docid="FT924-979" num="11"> Between the ages of 20 and 40, calcium increases bone density and thickness.</s>

<s docid="LA041990-0072" num="29"> Eating a high-sodium diet caused a group of nine elderly women to excrete nearly 30% more calcium.</s>

<s docid="LA041990-0072" num="35"> The 86 men in the study at the Oregon Health Sciences University ate a large amount of calcium and took a calcium supplement.</s>

<s docid="LA041990-0072" num="36"> Yet they still lost bone at a substantial rate (2.3% a year), notably in their vertebrae.</s>

