<s docid="FT924-5307" num="17"> Soon after penicillin came into use in the 1940s, microbiologists began to find resistant strains emerging, as a simple result of selective evolution.</s>

<s docid="FT924-5307" num="18"> If any bacteria survive a course of antibiotic treatment, they will be the ones with natural resistance, while their more susceptible sisters are wiped out.</s>

<s docid="FT924-5307" num="20"> As bacteria became resistant to one drug, doctors could prescribe another.</s>

<s docid="FT924-5307" num="21"> But for some bacteria, this approach has come to the end of the road.</s>

<s docid="FT924-5307" num="22"> All over the world, people are dying as a result of infections which do not respond to any of the 160 different antibiotics on the market.</s>

<s docid="FT924-5307" num="39"> Bacteria protect themselves against many antibiotics by producing an enzyme called beta-lactamase which destroys the antibiotic before it has a chance to destroy them.</s>

<s docid="FR940523-0-00045" num="5"> Potential Transfer of the kan r Gene From Crops to Microorganisms One comment posited a connection between ``the prophylactic use of antibiotics [resulting] in antibiotic-resistant bacteria reaching the human population'' with a health risk from the possible addition of up to ``10 antibiotic genes [sic] in most of the cells of major crops''.</s>

<s docid="FR940523-0-00045" num="6"> The comment agreed with Calgene's documentation that the widespread use of antibiotics has led to an increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment, but went on to postulate that this was evidence that introducing antibiotic-resistance genes into plants has human health implications.</s>

<s docid="FR940523-0-00045" num="13"> FDA agrees that increasing the number and prevalence of antibiotic-resistant microbes may have serious human health implications if those microbes are themselves pathogens of humans or domesticated animals, or share the same microenvironment as such pathogens.</s>

<s docid="FR940523-0-00045" num="14"> FDA considers the relevant scientific question to be whether there would be a meaningful increase in antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microbes in the human environment due to transfer of the kan r gene from plants to microbes.</s>

<s docid="FT933-7438" num="20"> The rapid human intrusion into tropical forests is exposing people to new reservoirs of infection in animals and insects.</s>

<s docid="FT933-7438" num="24"> Increased mobility can spread a new disease rapidly around the globe wherever it arises.</s>

<s docid="FT933-7438" num="35"> In western industrialised countries, thousands of people die every year from antibiotic-resistant infections which they pick up while in hospital for other reasons.</s>

<s docid="FT933-7438" num="36"> Tuberculosis, which kills 3m people a year worldwide, is beginning to acquire antibiotic resistance.</s>

<s docid="FT923-14971" num="51"> However, while the West has enjoyed the results of its battle against the disease, there remains an immense reservoir of TB in the rest of the world.</s>

<s docid="FT923-14971" num="55"> A partial explanation of the rise of infection lies in the socio-economic conditions prevalent in large cities, which are once again a focus of endemic poverty, homelessness and over-crowding.</s>

<s docid="FT923-14971" num="56"> Areas of New York, Los Angeles and perhaps even London have degenerated into the very squalor whose abolition was so important in the battle against disease last century.</s>

<s docid="FT923-14971" num="57"> The rest of the explanation arises from people's resistance to infection, which is decreasing for several reasons.</s>

<s docid="FT923-14971" num="59"> The second is the appearance of individuals with significantly defective immune systems, either because they are under immuno-suppression to prevent transplant rejection, or more commonly because they suffer from leukaemia or Aids.</s>

<s docid="FT923-14971" num="61"> In New York, almost half the TB samples taken from new patients are resistant to one antibiotic, and one strain is resistant to 11.</s>

<s docid="LA092490-0069" num="44"> They speculate that a population's resistance to infection through acquired immunity -- previous exposure to the strain of bacteria that causes infection -- may cause the bacteria to modify itself over time to become more infectious.</s>

<s docid="LA092490-0069" num="45"> Antibiotics, such as penicillin, have proved effective in treating the syndrome, but only if those infected seek treatment early, before the bacteria unleash their potent toxin or a related factor throughout the body.</s>

<s docid="LA092490-0069" num="46"> Once severe symptoms appear, simply killing the organism with antibiotics won't cure the patient, Kaplan said.</s>

<s docid="LA092490-0069" num="47"> In that case, doctors must use other means to treat the severe symptoms of the disease, such as multiorgan failure and muscle damage from the toxin -- a task that does not always end in success.</s>

<s docid="FBIS4-23025" num="26"> The findings indicate that with respect to the inhibitory and bactericide action and post-antibiotic effect manifestation, aminoglycoside antibiotics and fluoridated quinolons (sisomycin and ciprofloxacin) have the highest activity toward tularemia bacteria while doxycyclin, rifampicin, and phosnodemycin have a pronounced inhibitory activity toward tularemia bacteria but display no bactericide activity; their postantibiotic effect is manifested to a lesser extent than that of sisomycin and ciprofloxacin.</s>

<s docid="FT942-6645" num="31"> Scientists believe that specialised bacteria-infecting viruses called phages play an important role in bacterial evolution, carrying genes for virulence and toxin production between different strains and even different species.</s>

<s docid="FT931-10954" num="22"> Some specialists have also been worried about widespread use of antibiotics to prevent recurrence of ulcers, because it might allow organisms to build up resistance to the drugs.</s>

<s docid="FR940617-1-00044" num="3"> The agency also agrees with the comment which stated that it was an unproven hypothesis that overuse of an antiseptic causes Pseudomonas overgrowth.</s>

<s docid="LA092689-0119" num="33"> Holmes, a prominent researcher of sexually transmitted diseases, said in a talk at the international conference on AIDS earlier this year.</s>

