<s docid="LA062190-0015" num="20"> In an office lit only, and dimly, by watery sunlight that struggles through unwashed windows, she enumerates the society's concerns, beginning with chattel slavery -- the total ownership of one person by another.</s>

<s docid="LA062190-0015" num="21"> It was officially outlawed in the Arabian Peninsula less than 20 years ago, and may even be expanding in parts of northern Africa, particularly Sudan.</s>

<s docid="LA062190-0015" num="26"> But the biggest problems are in Asia, where slavery often is a particularly odious, because routinized, form of child abuse.</s>

<s docid="LA062190-0015" num="28"> Children are sometimes sold outright, at prices commonly ranging from $20 in the Sudan to $200 in Bangkok.</s>

<s docid="LA062190-0015" num="32"> No one knows even within several scores of millions how many children are enslaved in domestic service, in sweatshops or in Asia's huge sex trade.</s>

<s docid="LA062190-0015" num="34"> In India, for example, the government says there are fewer than 200,000 bonded laborers.</s>

<s docid="LA062190-0015" num="35"> The society's sources say 5 million.</s>

<s docid="LA062190-0015" num="38"> Today in India's main carpet-weaving region (small hands, such as those of seven-year-olds, tie especially tight knots), there are 100,000 malnourished children employed.</s>

<s docid="LA062190-0015" num="39"> Some 15% of them, according to the society, were sold into bondage in spite of the fact that India outlawed debt bondage 14 years ago.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="4"> FT 19 DEC 92 / The child victims of India's slave trade: India's poor sell their children as cheap labour without suspecting the true nature of the transaction</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="9"> He picks up the telephone and so begins a desperate effort to rescue the men's sons from illegal bonded labour.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="12"> To ease their lives of abject poverty, they have sold their sons to carpet loom owners in return for Rs500 each and promises of well-paid work for the boys.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="30"> But India lacks the resources to properly police laws on child labour, as on many other social evils.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="33"> Moreover, even though caste equality is enshrined in the Indian constitution, caste consciousness makes many Indians insensitive to exploitation of Untouchables.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="37"> However, as early as 1984, a local government official in Uttar Pradesh province, which includes Mirzapur, admitted the truth in a note for a visiting labour ministry delegation.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="38"> He wrote: 'The apprentices and wage earners.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="39">. . often work in conditions of semi-slavery'.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="107"> His arms are covered with scars from scabies, caused by a common allergy to wool.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="108"> On one finger he has a cut, black with diesel oil, which the loom owner applied to the wound to stop the blood from staining the carpets.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="115"> All look thin, and several have signs of scabies.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="118"> They worked 12 hours a day from 6am to 6pm, with three half-hour breaks for meals - seven days a week, every week of the year.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="123"> Worst of all was the common treatment for cuts to the fingers suffered during weaving.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="124"> The loom owners would scrape the powder off a match on to the wound and then set fire to it to staunch the bleeding.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="130"> Satyarthi says that since the early 1980s, he has helped in the release of 5,000 children, almost all of them Untouchables.</s>

<s docid="FT924-1107" num="131"> He has won financial support from western charities such as Britain's Christian Aid and Bread for the World, a German group.</s>

<s docid="FT931-5001" num="8"> The ILO's annual World Labour Report highlights cases of traditional slavery in Africa, debt bondage in Asia, forms of 'white slavery' in Latin America and sale of children to sweatshops and brothels.</s>

<s docid="FT931-5001" num="9"> Traditional slavery persists in Mauritania and in Sudan, where it appears to be on the increase because of the nine-year civil war, the report says.</s>

<s docid="FT931-5001" num="11"> Sudanese peasants are also selling their children, mostly boys aged 7-12 who fetch about Dollars 70 (Pounds 49), the ILO says.</s>

<s docid="FT931-5001" num="12"> The report says 20m workers, including 7.5m children, may be bonded labourers in Pakistan, in the brick-kiln industry, fish-cleaning, shoe-making, agriculture and quarrying.</s>

<s docid="LA092890-0120" num="18"> Prosecutors allege that they were smuggled to Ives' 50-acre Somis compound during the 1980s, forced to work for about $1 per hour and to buy food and sundries at inflated prices from a company store.</s>

<s docid="LA092890-0120" num="22"> The Ives prosecution is the most far-reaching slavery case ever filed by the United States, Gillam has said.</s>

<s docid="LA073090-0093" num="8"> Government Sues Grower Accused of Slavery: The Labor Department filed a lawsuit Wednesday against a Ventura County flower grower indicted on slavery charges, alleging that he owes at least $1 million in unpaid wages to about 400 illegal aliens.</s>

<s docid="LA053190-0137" num="11"> The defendants, including Edwin M.</s>

<s docid="LA053190-0137" num="12"> Ives, 54, owner of the ranch in Ventura County, face up to 52 years in prison and $2 million in fines if convicted, according to federal prosecutors.</s>

<s docid="LA053190-0137" num="15"> She said the indictments represent only the second time the 81-year-old law has been used in Southern California.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-10632" num="16"> On 6 March Army patrols rescued 25 Ashaninkas, who had been virtually reduced to slavery by Shining Path, in Shanquireni, another village in the tropical forest area of Junin Department.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-10632" num="20"> Ashaninkas have been held captive in several areas of Peru's central tropical forest by Shining Path, who used them as activists under threat of death and as their servants for household chores and agricultural activities under a system of virtual slavery.</s>

<s docid="FT932-4843" num="5"> A Chinese man was sentenced to death for selling his mother, wife and daughter into slavery.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-33135" num="11"> Article Type:CSO [Editorial Report] In response to a request by the Guarani People's Assembly, PRESENCIA, a Catholic Church-owned, center-left daily led an investigative team into the Chaco region for a week in December to look into charges that approximately 10,000 Guarani Indians are held in virtual slavery on large estates.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-33135" num="16"> The 10,000 Guarani Indians in the Chuquisacan and Tarijan Chaco live and work in "medieval serfdom," the report says, as agricultural laborers on large estates.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-33135" num="17"> Their salaries--often paid in the form of food, clothing, and coca, or alcohol--are so low that the debts they incur to their bosses keep them tied to the estate until they die.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-33135" num="18"> Their debts are then passed on to the next generation, perpetuating the cycle of bondage.</s>

<s docid="FT931-1883" num="20"> On slavery, the ILO estimates up to 33m workers around the world are in forced labour and up to 30m workers are in what it defines as debt bondage.</s>

<s docid="FT931-1883" num="24"> The ILO also believes a further 1m workers are in the category of 'modern forced labour'.</s>

<s docid="FT931-1883" num="25"> These include workers clearing forest in Brazil, sugar cane workers in Dominica and porters in Burma.</s>

