2
	was	"only"	a	commercial	photographer	from	1954	to
	1975	and	something	other	than	that	in	the	early	and
	late	years	of	his	career.	Since	the	pictures	that	he
	made	for	The	Story	of	Wine	in	California	overlap	the
	divide	between	his	commercial	and	non-commercial
	periods,	one	must	not	exaggerate	the	rigidity	of	the
	division.
	Yavno	s	interest	in	the	California	wine	scene
	as	a	subject	for	picture-making	went	back	at	least	as
	far	as	the	late	1940s,	and	as	early	as	1951	he	had
	discussed	the	possibility	of	a	book	with	the
	University	of	California	Press.	Throughout	the
	decade	of	the	50s,	on	trips	up	and	down	the	state,	he
	went	on	making	pictures	of	the	people,	things,	and
	processes	in	vineyards	and	wineries,	with	the
	intention	that	they	should	go	into	a	book,	as,
	ultimately,	they	did.
	M.F.K.	Fisher
	When	she	died	in	1992,	M.F.K.	Fisher	had
	become	not	only	the	best-known	writer	on	food	in	this
	country	but	the	object	of	quite	extravagant	praise	as
	a	stylist	("I	do	not	know	of	any	one	in	the	United
	States	today	who	writes	better	prose"	is	W.H.
	Auden	s	much-quoted	remark).	Among	those	to
	whom	the	arts	of	eating	and	drinking	bordered	on
	the	sacramental,	she	had	been	raised	to	something
	like	cult	status.	Her	standing	was	not	quite	so
	exalted	in	1951,	when	she	was	first	asked	to	write
	The	Story	of	Wine	in	California;	it	was	nevertheless
	very	high,	and	the	choice	would	have	seemed	an
	excellent	one	to	any	good	judge.
	Mary	Frances	Kennedy	Fisher	(1908-1992),
	to	give	the	names	that	lay	behind	the	provocative
	initials,	had	produced	a	distinguished	body	of	work
	by	1951.	The	daughter	of	a	small-town	newspaper
	editor,	she	grew	up	in	a	southern	California	still
	rural	and	unsophisticated,	described	in	her	memoir,
	Among	Friends	(1971);	after	private	school	and
	inconclusive	episodes	at	three	different	colleges,	she
	went	off	to	France	as	the	bride	of	an	aspiring
	academic	(see	her	Long	Ago	in	France:	The	Years	in
	Dijon	(New	York,	1991);	that	marriage	ended	in
	divorce.	A	second	marriage	ended	in	her	husband	s
	death;	a	third	in	yet	another	divorce.	She	lived	in
	France,	Switzerland,	Mexico,	New	York,	California.
	At	various	times,	she	says,	she	sold	Chinese	jade,
	tutored	rich	dullards	in	French,	worked	in	a	picture
	framing	shop,	and	did	scripts	for	Paramount.
	Through	all	these	ups	and	downs,	the	interest	in	food
	and	drink	in	all	their	variety,	appeal,	and
	association,	grew	and	developed.	Her	first	book,
	Serve	It	Forth	(1937),	was	followed	by	Consider	the
	Oyster	(1941),	How	to	Cook	a	Wolf	(1942),	The
	Gastronomical	Me	(1943)	and	An	Alphabet	for
	Gourmets	(1949),	a	series	gathered	together	in	the
	294
	anthology	entitled	The	Art	of	Eating	(1954).	These
	books	were	at	once	recognized	as	without	precedent
	for	originality	and	charm	of	expression	in	the
	literature	of	food.	They	were	not	cookbooks,	though
	they	gave	plenty	of	recipes	and	showed	a	gifted	and
	creative	cook	at	work;	they	were	part	personal	essay,
	part	history	and	lore,	part	philosophy,	part
	description	and	narrative,	and	always	entirely
	individual.	The	critics	inevitably	demanded	that	a
	writer	of	such	imagination	ought	to	write	novels.	She
	had,	in	fact,	already	done	so:	Touch	and	Go	(1939)
	appeared	under	a	pseudonym;	a	second	novel,	Not
	Now	but	NOW,	was	published	in	1947.	But	it	was	as
	a	writer	on	food	that	her	reputation	rested	though
	that	bare	phrase	hardly	suggests	what	is	meant.	It
	was	the	piquant	and	utterly	new	combination	(at
	least	on	the	American	scene)	of	high	literary	skill
	with	the	homely	and	utilitarian	subject	of	food	that
	set	her	apart	from	and	above	the	humble	crew	of
	writers	whose	subject	was	also	food.	In	1949,	as
	though	to	suggest	the	tradition	to	which	she	belongs,
	M.F.K.	Fisher	published	a	translation	of	Brillat-
	Savarin	s	The	Physiology	of	Taste	(a	translation
	recently	distinguished	by	a	sumptuous	reprint	from
	the	Arion	Press	selling	for	$2,500).
	By	1951,	when	she	was	asked	to	write	The
	Story	of	Wine	in	California,	Mrs.	Fisher	had	amply
	demonstrated	her	interest	in	wine	and	the	variety	of
	her	experience	of	it.	Her	initiation	into	the	culinary
	culture	of	France	had	been	in	Dijon,	the	capital	of
	Burgundian	food	and	drink.	With	her	second
	husband	she	had	lived	on	a	vineyard	property	in
	Switzerland	and	had	made	wine	there;	when	the
	threat	of	war	drove	them	away	she	was	compelled	to
	leave	behind	"a	full	cellar..	.some	1,800	liters	of
	beautiful	thin	pale	wine"	(Current	Biog	1948).	In	the
	1950s	she	had	spent	time	in	Aix	en	Provence	and	in
	a	house	in	St.	Helena,	California,	in	the	heart	of	the
	Napa	Valley.	"I	just	like	to	be	in	wine	country,"	she
	once	told	an	interviewer,	and	though	that	was	long
	after	The	Story	of	Wine	in	California	had	been
	written	and	published,	she	might	well	have	said	it
	earlier.
	First	Book	of	its	Kind
	No	such	book	as	what	became	The	Story	of
	Wine	in	California	had	ever	been	published	in	this
	country.	American	literature	about	wine	was	a	very
	shallow-rooted	plant,	growing	in	the	thinnest	soil.	In
	the	first	place,	the	fourteen	years	of	Prohibition
	(1920-1933)	had	simply	cut	off	the	subject	from
	American	awareness,	and	it	was	a	long	and	difficult
	task	to	restore	it.	Immediately	following	Repeal
	there	was	naturally	a	sudden	spate	of	books	about
	alcoholic	drink;	the	treatment	of	wine	in	such	books
	tended,	inevitably,	to	be	elementary	accounts	of	the


CONTENTS
	PKSFACI	...........	i
	LIST	OF	AUTHORITIES	.........	T
	CLASSIFICATION	OF	LANGUAGES	........	XT
	HEBREW	LITERATURE.
	1.	HeDrew	Literature	;	its	Divisions.	2.	The	Language	;	its	Alphabet	;	its	Struc-
	ture	;	Peculiarities,	Formation,	and	Phases.	8.	The	Old	Testament.	1.	Hebrew	Edu-
	cation.	6.	Fundamental	Idea	of	Hebrew	Literature.	6.	Hebrew	Poetry.	7.	Lyric
	Poetry;	Songs;	the	Psalms;	the	Prophets.	8.	Pastoral	Poetry.	9.	Didactic	Poetry	;
	the	Proverbs	and	Ecclesiastes.	10.	Epic	and	Dramatic	Poetry;	the	Book	of	Job.
	11.	Hebrew	History	;	the	Pentateuch	and	other	Historical	Books.	12.	Hebrew	Philoso-
	phy.	13.	Restoration	of	the	Sacred	Books.	14.	Manuscripts	and	Translations.
	16.	Rabbinical	Literature.	9
	SYRIAC,	CHALDAIC	AND	PHffiNICIAN	LITERATURES.
	1.	The	Languages.	2.	Syriac	Language	and	Literature.	8.	Chaldaic	Language	and
	Literature,	4.	Phoenician	Literature.	.......	21
	HINDU,	OR	SANSCRIT	LITERATURE.
	1.	Sanscrit	Literature	and	its	Divisions.	2.	The	Sanscrit	Language	and	its	Antiquity	;
	Its	Structure	and	Dialects.	8.	Social	Constitution	of	India.	4.	Brahmanism.	5.	The
	Vedas	and	the	other	Sacred	Books.	6.	Sanscrit	Poetry.	7.	Epic	Poetry	;	the	Rama-
	yana	;	the	Mahabharata.	8.	Lyric	Poeti-y.	9.	Didactic	Poetry;	the	Hitopadesa.
	10.	Dramatic	Poetry.	11.	History	and	Science.	12.	Philosophy.	18.	Buldhism.
	14	Moral	Philosophy	;	the	Code	of	Manu.	15.	Modern	Literatures	of	India.	16.	Edn-
	eation	in	India.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.88
	PERSIAN	LITERATURE.
	I.	The	Persian	Language	and	its	Divisions.	2.	Zendic	Literature;	TheZendavesta.	S.
	Pehlvi	and	Parsee	Literatures.	4.	The	Cuneiform	Inscriptions.	5.	The	Ancient
	Religion	of	Persia	;	Zoroaster.	6.	Modem	Literature.	7.	The	Sufis.	8.	Persian
	Poetry.	9.	Persian	Poets;	Ferdusi;	Easedi	of	Tus	;	Togray,	etc.	10.	History	and
	Philesophy.	11.	Education	in	Persia.	.	....	89


CONTENTS.	IX
	PBBIOD	SECOND.	1.	Development	of	the	Roman	Literature.	2.	Mimes,	Mimogrtr
	bhers,	Pantomime	;	Laberius	and	P.	Syrus.	3	Epic	Poetry	;	Virgil;	The^Eneid.	4.	Di-
	dactic	Poetry;	the	Bucolics;	the	Georgics	;	Lucretius.	5.	Lyric	Poetry;	Catullus;
	Horace.	6.	Elegy	;	Tibullus	;	Properties	;	Ovid.	7.	Oratory	and	Philosophy;	Cicero.
	8.	History	;	J.	Caesar	;	Sallust	;	Livy.	9.	Other	Prose	Writers.
	PERIOD	THIRD.	1.	Decline	of	Roman	Literature.	2.	Fable	;	Phaedrus.	3.	Satire	and
	Epigram	;	Persius,	Juvenal,	Martial.	4.	Dramatic	Literature	;	the	Tragedies	of	Seneca.
	5.	Epic	Poetry	;	Lucan	;	Silius	Italicus	;	Valerius	Flaccus	;	P.	Stalius.	6.	History
	Paterculus	;	Tacitus	:	Suetonius	;	Q.	Curtius	;	Valerius	Maximus.	7.	Rhetoric	and
	Eloquence;	Quintilian;	Pliny	the	Younger.	8.	Philosophy	and	Science;	Seneca;
	Pliny	the	Elder	;	Celsus	;	P.	Mela	;	Columella	;	Frontinus.	9.	Roman	Literature	from
	Hainan	to	Theodoric;	Claudian	;	Eutropius;	A.	Marcellinus	;	S.	Sulpicius;	Gellius	;
	Macrobius	;	L.	Apuleius	;	Boethius	;	the	Latin	Fathers.	10.	Roman	Jurisprudence.	123
	ARABIAN	LITERATURE.
	1.	European	Literature	in	the	Dark	Ages.	2.	The	Arabian	Language.	8	Ara-
	bian	Mythology	and	the	Koran.	4.	Historical	Development	of	Arabian	Lite-
	rature.	6.	Grammar	and	Rhetoric.	6.	Poetry.	7.	The	Arabian	Tales.	8.	History
	and	Science	........	.	1S1
	ITALIAN	LITERATURE.
	IHTBODUCTIOK.	1.	Italian	Literature	and	its	Divisions.	2.	The	Language.
	PERIOD	FiKST.	1.	Early	Poetry	and	Prose.	2.	Dante	;	the	Divine	Comedy.	8.	Pe-
	trarch.	4.	Boccaccio	and	other	prose	writers	;	Villani,	Sacchetti.	5.	The	first	declin*
	of	Italian	Literature	;	the	fifteenth	Century.
	PERIOD	SECOSD.	1.	The	close	of	the	fifteenth	Century	;	Lorenzo	de'	Medici.	2.	Tht
	origin	of	the	Drama	and	Romantic	Epic	;	Poliziano,	Pulci,	Boiardo.	8.	Romantic	Epio
	Poetry;	Ariosto.	4.	Heroic	Epic	Poetry;	Tasso.	5.	Lyric	Poetry;	Bembo,	Molza,
	Tarsia,	V.	Colonna.	6.	Dramatic	Poetry	;	Trissino,	Rucellai	;	the	writers	of	Comedy.
	7.	Pastoral	Drama	and	Didactic	Poetry;	Beccari,	Sannazzaro,	Tasso,	Guarini,
	Racellai,	Alamanni.	8.	Satirical	Poetry,	Novels	and	Tales;	Berni,	Grazzini,	Firenzu-
	ola,	Bandello,	and	others.	9	History;	Machiavelli,	Guicciardini,	Nardi,	and	others.
	10	Grammar	and	Rhetoric	;	the	Academy	delta,	Crusca,	Delia	Casa,	Speroni,	aud
	others.	11.	Science,	Philosophy	and	Politics	;	the	Academy	del	Cimento,	Galileo,
	Torricelli,	Borelli,	Patrizi,	Telesio,	Campanella,	Bruno,	Castiglione,	Machiavelli,	and
	others.	12.	Decline	of	the	Literature	in	the	seventeenth	Century.	13.	Epic	and	Lyrio
	Poetry;	Marini,	Filicaja.	14.	Mock	Heroic	Poetry,	the	Drama	and	Satire	;	Tassoni,
	Bracciolini,	Andreini,	and	others.	15.	History	and	epistolary	writings	;	Davila,	Bentl-
	voglio,	Sarpi,	Redi.
	PERIOD	THIRD.!.	Historical	Development	of	the	Third	Period.	2.	The	Melodrama;
	Rinuccini,	Zeno,	Metastasio.	8.	Comedy,	Goldoni,	C.	Gozzi,	and	others.	1	Tragedy	t
	Mafifei,	Alfieri,	Monti,	Manzoni,	Nicolini,	and	others.	5.	Lyric,	Ep'.c.	and	Didactic
	Poetry	;	Parini,	Monti,	Cgo	Foscolo,	Leopardi,	Grossi,	Lorenzi,	and	others.	6.	Hei-oto-
	Comic	Poetry,	Satire,	and	Fable	;	Fortiguerri,	Passeroni,	G.	Gozzi,	Parini,	Giustf,
	and	others.	7.	Romances	;	Verri,	Manzoni,	D'Azeglio,	Cantu,	Guerrazzi,	and	others,
	8.	History	;	Muratori,	Vico,	Giannone,	Botta,	Colletta,	Tiraboschi,	and	others.
	9.	Esthetics,	Criticism,	Philology,	and	Philosophy	;	Baretti,	Parini,	Giordani,	Gi.oja>
	Romagnosi,	Galluppi,	Rosmini,	Giofcerti	......	198
	1*


28	HINDU	OK	SANSCRIT	LITERATURE.
	feel	their	incapacity	to	obtain	the	highest	moral	perfectiou
	except	through	a	continual	atonement,	to	which	all	nature	is
	condemned.	Hence	Hindu	poetry	expresses	a	profound	melan
	choly,	which	pervades	the	character	as	well	as	the	literature	of
	that	people.	This	poetry	breathes	a	spirit	of	perpetual	sacrifice
	of	the	individual	self,	as	the	ideal	of	human	life.	The	bards	of
	India,	inspired	by	this	predominant	feeling,	have	given	to	poetry
	nearly	every	form	it	has	assumed	hi	the	western	world,	and	in
	each	and	all	they	have	excelled.
	Sanscrit	poetry	is	both	'"metrical	and	rhythmical,	equally	free
	from	the	confused	strains	of	unmoulded	genius	and	from	the	ser-
	vile	pedantry	of	conventional	rules.	The	verse	of	eight	syllables
	is	the	source	of	all	other	metres,	and	the	sloka	or	double	distich	is
	the	stanza	most	frequently	used.	Though	this	poetry	pre-
	sents	too	often	extravagance	of	ideas,	incumbrance	of	episodes,
	and	monstrosity	qHmages,	as	a	general	rule	it	is	endowed	with
	simplicity	of	style,	pure	coloring,	sublime	ideas,	rare	figures,	and
	chaste	epithets.	Its	exuberance	must	be	attributed	to	the
	strange	mythology	of	the	Hindus,	to	the	immensity	of	the
	fables	which	constitute	the	groundwork	of	their	poems,	and	to
	the	gigantic	strength	of	their	poetical	imaginations.	A	striking
	peculiarity	of	Sanscrit	poetry	is	its	extensive	use	in	treating	of
	those	subjects	apparently	the	most	difficult	to	reduce	to	a	metri-
	cal	form	not	only	the	Vedas	and	Manu's	code	are	composed	ha
	verse,	but	the	sciences	are	expressed	in	this	form.	(JEven	in	the
	few	works	which	may	be	called	prose,	the	style	is	so	modulated
	and	bears	so	great	a	resemblance	to	the	language	of	poetry	as
	scarcely	to	be	distinguished	from	it.	The	history	of	Sanscrit
	poetry	is,	in	reality,	the	history	of	Sanscrit	literature.)
	7.	EPIC	POETRY.	The	subjects	of	the	epic	poems	of	the
	Hindus	are	derived	chiefly	from	their	religious	tenets,	and	relate
	to	the	incarnations	of	the	gods,	who,	in	their	human	forms
	become	the	heroes	of	this	poetry.	The	idea	of	an	Almighty
	power	warring	against	the	spirit	of	evil	destroys	the	possibility
	of	struggle,	and	impairs	the	character	of	epic	poetry	;	but	the
	Hindu	poets,	by	submitting	their	gods	both	to	fate	and	to	the
	condition	of	men,	diminish	their	power	and	give	them	the	charac-
	ter	of	epic	heroes.
	The	Hindu	mythology,	however,	is	the	great	obstacle	which
	must	ever	prevent	this	poetry	from	becoming	popular	in	the
	western	world.	The	great	personifications	of	the	Deity	have
	not	been	softened	down,	as	hi	the	mythology	of	the	Greeks,	t*
	the	perfection	of	human	symmetry,	but	are	here	exhibited	IB


ITALIAN	LTTEKATUKE.
	s.	1.	Italian	Literature	and	its	Divisions.	2.	The	Language.
	PHIOD	FIRST.	1.	Early	Poetry	and	Prose.	2.	Dante;	the	Divine	Comedy.	-8.	F
	Irmrch.	4.	Boccaccio	and	other	prose	writers	;	Villani,	Sacchetti.	5.	The	first	declix*
	of	I'.aliun	Literature;	the	fifteenth	Century.
	PtK'OD	SECIIND.	1.	The	close	of	the	fifteenth	Centu-y	;	Lorenzo	de	1	Medici	2.	The
	origin	of	the	Drama	and	Romantic	Epic;	Poliziano,	Pulci,	Boiardo.	3.	Romantic	Epic
	Poetry;	Ariosto.	4	lleroic	Epic	Poetry;	Tasso.	5.	Lyric	Poetry;	Bembo,	Molza,
	Tarsia,	V.	Colonua^r-G.	Dramatic	Poetry	;	Trissino,	Rucellai,	the	writers	of	Comedy.
	7.	Pastoral	Drama	and	Didactic	Poetry;	Beccari,	Sannazzaro,	Tasso,	Guarini,
	Rucellai,	Alamanni.	8.	Satirical	Poetry,	Novels	and	Tales;	Berni,	Grazzini,	Fireiuu-
	ola,	Bandello,	and	others.	9.	History;	Maclihivelli.	Guicciardini,	Nardi,	and	others.
	10	Grammar	and	Rheto.ic	;	the	Academy	della	Crusca,	Delia	Casa,	Speroni,	aud
	others.	11.	Science,	Philosophy	and	Politics;	the	Academy	del	Cimtntv,	Galileo,
	Torricelli,	Bo;	elli,	Patrizi,	Telesio,	Campanella,	Bruno,	Castiglione,	Machiavelli,	and
	others.	12.	Decline	of	the	Literature	in	the	seventeenth	Century.	13.	Epic	and	Lyric
	Poetry;	Marini,	Filicaja.	14.	Mock	lleroic	Poetry,	the	Draraa	and	Satire	;	Tassoni,
	Bracciolini,	And;	eini,	and	others.	15.	History	and	epistolary	writings	;	Davila,	Benti-
	voglio,	Sarpi,	RedU
	PKMOD	THIRD.	1.	Historical	Development	of	the	Third	Period.	2.	The	Melodrama;
	Rinuccini,	Zeno,	Metastasio.	S.	Comedy;	Goldonl,	C.	Gozz:,	and	others.	L	Tragedy	;
	Maffei,	Alfieri,	Monti,	Manzonl,	Nicolini,	and	others.	5.	Lyric,	Epic,	and	Didactic
	Poetry;	Padni,	Monti,	Ugo	Foscolo,	Leopardi,	Gross;,	Lorenzi,	and	others.	-6.	Heroic-
	Comic	Poetry,	Satire,	and	Fable;	Fortigueni,	Passeroni,	G.	Gozzi,	Parini,	GHsti,
	and	others.!.	Romances	;	Verri,	Manzoni,	D'Aze^lio,	Cantu,	Guerrazzi,	and	others.
	8.	History;	Muratori,	Vice,	Giannone,	Botta,	Colletta,	Tiraboschi,	and	others.
	9.	Esthetics,	Criticism,	Philology,	and	Philosophy;	Baretti,	Parini,	Giordani,	OiqJ*,
	Rnmagntsi,	Galluppi,	Rosmini,	Gioberti.
	INTRODUCTION.
	1.	ITALIA*	LITERATURE	AXD	ITS	Dmsioxs.	The	fall	o	f	the
	Western	Empire,	the	invasions	of	the	northern	tribes,	and	the
	subsequent	wars	and	calamities,	did	not	entirely	extinguish	the
	fire	of	genius	in	Italy.	As	we	have	seen,	the	Crusades	had
	opened	the	East	and	revealed	to	Europe	its	literary	and	artistic
	treasures;	the	Arabs	had	established	a	celebrated	school	of
	medicine	in	Salerno,	and	had	made	known	the	ancient	classics
	a	school	of	jurisprudence	was	opened	in	Bologna,	where	Roman
	law	was	expounded	by	eminent	lecturers	;	and	the	spirit	of
	Rivalry,	while	it	softened	and	refined	human	character,	awoke
	,he	desire	of	distinction	in	arms	and	poetry.	The	origin	of	the


552
	INDEX.
	Apocrypha,	the	Greek,	119.
	Apollodoru*.	history,	111.
	Apo.lonms	of	Perga,	mathematics,	112.
	APOLLONIUS	the	Khodian,	epic	poetry,	110.
	APDLEIUS,	philosophy	and	romance,	177.
	Aquinas,	Thomas,	philosophy,	etc.,	250.
	Arabian	literature,	181.
	'	Arabian	Nights'	Entertainments,"	194.
	Arabs,	the,	in	Spain,	806
	"Araucana,"	by	Ercilla,	348.
	Arbutlmot,	"	History	of	John	Bull,"	504
	14	Arcadia,"	by	Sannazzaro,	221	;	by	Sir
	Philip	Sidney,	492.
	Arcadians,	Italian	pools	so	called,	240.
	Archilochus,	elegy,	76	;	iambics,	77.
	ARCHIMEMCS,	mathematics	and	mechanics,
	112.
	Aretino,	comedy,	220.
	Argenso'a,	account	of	the	M	iluccas,	341.
	Argensolas,	the,	lyric	poetry,	S39.
	"Argonautic	Expedition,"	by	Apollonius,
	110.
	"	Argonautica,"	by	Valerius	Flaccus,	165.
	Ariel,	didactic	poetry,	242.
	Arion,	dithyrambic	poetry,	82.
	ARIOSTO,	"	Orlando	Furioso,"	214	;	lyric
	poetry,	219	;	satire,	222.
	Aristarchus,	grammar	and	criticism,	111.
	Aristippus	of	Cyrene,	philosophy,	106.
	"	Aristodemus,"	by	Monti,	239.
	ARISTOTLE,	philosophy,	10S	;	his	fame	among
	the	Arabs,	196.
	Armenian	language	and	literature,	S63.
	Arminius,	theology,	451.
	Arnd,	treatise	"	Ou	True	Christianity,"	430.
	Arndt,	poetry,	history,	etc.,	432.
	Arnim,	romance,	4-'ib	;	Bettma	von,	ib.
	Arnobius,	"Disputes	with	the	Gentiles,"
	178.
	Amu	Id,	history,	524.
	Arreboe,	poetry,	893.
	Arrian,	philosophy	of	Epictetus.	113.
	Art,	Athenian,	under	Pericles,	92.
	"Art	of	Love,"	Ovid's,	151.
	Arthur,	King,	and	the	round	table,	the	Nor-
	man	romances	of,	25S,	25i),	480	;	German,
	411	;	Welsh,	475	;	English,	485.
	Ascham,	education,	etc	,	4	-	>3.
	Asgard,	the	home	of	the	Scandinavian
	deities,	3S4.
	Asonante,	the	Spanish	rhyme	so	called,	814.
	Astronomers,	American,	546.
	Astronomy,	Chaldaic,	21	;	Egyptian,	64	;
	Ptolemy's,	116.
	"	Athalie,"	by	llaci.ne,	276.
	Athens,	literary	predominance	of,	90;	its
	downfall,	109;	schools	of,	closed	by	Jus-
	tinian,	117.
	Atlantic	Monthly,"	the.	549.
	ATTAR,	Persian	poetry,	45.
	Attius,	tragedy,	137.
	Audubon's	"	Birds	of	America,"	546.
	Augustine,	St.,	the	"	City	of	God,"	178.
	Autos	da	K,	324.
	Autos	sacramentales,	Spanish	dramatic	en-
	tertainments,	832,	345	;	Portuguese,	355
	Avatars	of	Vislinu,	26,	21).
	Averrhoes,	philosophy,	196.
	Avicenna,	philosophy	and	medicine,	196.
	Ayala,	Pedro	Lopez,	poetry	and	history,	318.
	Babylon,	22.
	"Babylonian	Adventures,"	Uie	first	r
	manco,	US.
	Bacchus.	See	Dionysus.
	Bacchylides,	lyric	poetry,	82.
	Bacon,	Koge/,	478.
	BACON,	Lord,	philosophy,	491;	"New	Al
	lanta,"	492.
	Bagdad,	literature	at,	190.
	1)AGGK!KN,	poetry,	395.
	Suillie,	Joanna,	tragedy,	51T.
	BALBO,	hjsto.-y,	245.
	Balder,	son	of	Odin,	333	:	the	death	of,
	8S9	;	Evald's	poem	of,	J394.
	Ballads,	Spanish,	314;	Finnish,	85S	;	Rus-
	sian,	3TO;	Kozak,	371;	Scandinavian,
	892	;	English,	4*5.
	Balzac,	J.	L.	G.	de,	epistles,	209.
	Balzac,	llonore	de,	romance,	304.
	BANCKOFT,	history	of	the	United	States,
	582.
	Bandello,	novels,	224.
	Bantine	Table,	the,	126.
	Barante,	history,	800	;	criticism,	801.
	Barbieri,	didactic	poetry,	242.
	Ba;	bour,	John,	"	The	Bruce,"	486.
	Bards,	Greek,	72;	Teutonic,	1S2	;	Arabian,
	1SS;	Italian,	200	;	Icelandic,	390;	Ger-
	man,	411	;	Irish,	474	;	Scotch,	474	;	Wulsil,
	475
	Baretti,	criticism,	etc.,	246.
	BAKLUW,	JDKL,	poetry,	580.
	Barnard,	Henry,	education,	544.
	Bairos,	Portuguese	history,	356.
	Barrow,	sermons,	4t/9.
	Barry	Cornwall,	poetry,	517.
	Barthelemy,	Abbe,	"	Voyage	of	Anachar
	sis,"	2!)5.
	Bartlelt's	'	Texas	and	New	Mexico,"	535
	Barton,	botany	and	ethnology,	530.
	Basil,	St.,	121.
	"	Basvilliana,"	by	Monti,	241.
	"	Battle	of	the	Frogs	and	Mice,"	78.
	Bauernfeld,	comedy,	435.
	Bayle,	"Historical	and	Critical	Dictloi>
	ary,"	etc	,	2s6.
	Baxter,	Kichard,	theology,	491.
	"	Bay	Psalm	liook,"	the,	d2ti.
	Beatrice,	Dante's,	'202
	Beattic,	"	The	M.nstrel,"	511.
	Beaumarchais,	memoirs,	295.
	Beaumont	and	Fletcher,	drama,	495.
	BiiCCAKi,	pastoral	drama,	221.
	Beccaria,	criminal	jurisprudence,	35.
	Beecher,	Catha	ine	E.,	542.
	Bellamy,	Dutch	poetry,	4oS.
	Bellenden,	"	On	the	State,"	492.
	Bellini,	anatomy,	221).
	Bede,	the	Venerable,	ecclesiastical	hist	wj
	476.
	Bellman,	Swedish	poetry,	400.
	Bembo,	Italian	g,	ammar,	i20.
	Bentham,	Jeremy,	520.
	Bentivoglio,	comedy,	220	;	history,	23f
	letters,	234.
	Beutley,	classics,	500.
	Bentun's	"Ihirty	Years'	View,"	534.
	"	Beoivulf,"	the	]>oem	of,	475.
	BKBANGKK,	lyric	poetry.	302.
	Btuctu	(Gouzalo;,	poetry,	31L


INDEX.
	553
	Berc>	*,	Italian	lyric	poetry,	241.
	Berkeley,	Bishop,	philosophy,	503	;	in	Ame-
	rica.	547.
	Bernard,	St.,	2f;ft.
	Bernardo	del	Carpio,	ballads	relating	to,
	315.
	BKKKI,	satire,	222.
	Berosus,	history	of	Babylon,	22,	IIL
	Bestnshof,	historical	novels,	370.
	Belli,	didactic	poetry,	242.
	Bhagavad-Gita,	the,	oO.
	Bhavabhuti,	Hindu	drama,	82.
	Bettina	von	Arrain,	romance,	etc.,	433.
	Bianchini,	history,	244.
	B.biena,	Card.nal,	comedy,	220.
	Bible,	the,	English	versions	of,	18,	4S2,	487,
	4SKi;	Armenian,	364;	Old	Slavic,	306;
	Hao-Gotliic,	408;	Anglo-Saxon,	477;
	John	Eliot's	Indian	vers.ou	of,	526.	(See
	Old	Testament.)
	Bielski,	Martin.	"	Chronicles	of	Poland,"
	377.
	BILUEKDYK,	poetry,	etc.,	459	;	Madame,
	460.
	Biography,	American,	534.
	Birchpfeifer,	Charlotte,	drama,	435.
	Blab	Phelair,	Persian	poetry,	etc.,	47.
	Blair's	"Grave,"	506.
	Blanc,	Louis,	philosophical	history,	300.
	Blichsr,	poetry	and	fiction,	397,
	Bi.ml	Harry,	poem	of	'	Wallace,"	4S6.
	Bocage,	Manuel	de,	poetry,	357.
	Bocc.iccio,	the	"	Decameron,"	etc.,	207.
	liiiUMKii,	poetry	and	criticism,	424,	425.
	BCIKIIM,	JACOB,	mysticism,	420.
	Boe.haave,	medical	science,	452.
	Boitrtiius,	philosophy,	Ii7.
	Bohemian	language	and	literature,	373.
	Boiardo,	"	Orlando	Innamorato,"	213-14.
	BOILKAU.	satiiical	and	other	poetry,	279.
	Boje,	Danish	religious	poetry,	397.
	Boker,	George	11.,	drama,	541.
	Bolingbroke,	Lord,	504.
	BONALD,	philosophy,	299.
	Bouaveuture,	theology	and	philosophy,
	250.
	"	Book	of	Martyrs,"	Fox's,	488.
	Bor,	Dutch	history,	453.
	Borelli,	science,	223.
	Bormus,	the	Greek	song	of,	72.
	Born,	Bertrand	de,	troubadour,	256.
	Burne,	Luduig,	poetry,	432.
	Bosc.is,	JUAN,	poetry,	32b.
	BOSSUET,	eloquence,	history,	etc.,	280,	283.
	"	Bostan,"	the,	of	Sadi,	45.
	Boswell,	life	of	Johnson,	508.
	BOTTA,	history,	245.
	Bourdaloue,	pulpit	eloquence,	280.
	Bouvier,	law	dictionary,	etc.,	545.
	Bowles,	poetry,	517.
	Bracciolini,	mock	heroics,	233.
	Bradford's	"	American	Antiquities,"	534.
	Braditreet,	Anne,	poetry,	526.
	Brahe,	Tycho,	astronomy,	893.
	Brahma,	26.
	Brahmanisin,	25	;	p)	ilosophy	of,	82.
	Brandt,	Dutch	history.	455.
	Brautorne,	memoirs,	283.
	BHI--MEII,	F.:*iJitiKA,	romance,	402-3.
	Brenner,	Mrs.	Sweden	poetry,	398.
	Brentano,	German	romance,	488.
	Briggs,	C.	P.,	sketches,	criticism,	etc..	641
	B.isted,	Charles	A.,	542.
	Brito,	Bernardo	de,	Portuguese	history
	856.
	Brodhead's	"	History	of	New	York,"	534.
	Bronte,	Charlotte,	novels,	522.
	B;ooks,	Charles	T.,	translations,	542.
	Brooks,	Maria,	"	Zoppiel,"	541.
	SHOWS,	CHAKLKS	BKOCKDKN,	romance,	66L
	Brown,	Thomas,	philosophy,	520.
	Browne,	Sir	Thomas,	493.
	Browning,	Mr.	and	Mrs.,	poetry,	521.
	'	liruce,	The,"	by	John	Barbour,	43d.
	Brugsch,	Egyptology,	44?-.
	Bruno,	Giordano,	philosophy,	229.
	"	Brut	d'Angleterre,"	by	Wace,	479.
	B:	utus,	the	Norman	romance	of,	253.
	BKYAST,	WILLIAM	C.,	poetry,	539.
	Bucolic	poets,	Alexandrian,	110.
	Bucolics,	Virgil's,	147	;	Portuguese,	851
	Buddhism	in	India,	34	;	in	China,	52.
	BUFFOS,	natural	history,	293.
	Bulwer,	Sir	E.	L.,	dramas,	novels,	etc.,	-521
	Bulwer,	Edward	Robert,	poetry,	521.
	Bunsen,	the	Chevalier,	Egyptology,	445.
	Bunyan,	John,	499.
	Buonmattei,	Italian	grammar,	226.
	Burger,	poetry,	430.
	Burke,	eloquence	and	literature,	509,	510
	Burmann,	Peter,	4)1.
	Burnet,	Bishop,	history,	500.
	BUKXS,	KOBKKT,	lyrics,	nil.
	Burton,	"	Anatomy	of	Melancholy,"	49S,
	Butler,	Bishop,	theology,	505.
	BUTLEK,	SAMUEL,	"	Hudibras,"	etc.,	500,	(/Ol
	Byns,	Anna,	Flemish	poetry,	452.
	BYRON,	poetry	and	drama,	618.
	Byzantine	literature,	119.
	Cabala,	t'.ie	Hebrew,	K>.
	Cadmus	of	Miletus,	83.
	Caedmon,	Anglo-Saxon	poetry,	476.
	C.tiSAR,	JULIUS,	"	Commentaries,"	etc.,	15&
	"	Ca;sars,	Lives	of	the	Twelve,"	by	Sueto
	nius,	167.
	CALDEHON	DE	LA	BARCA,	drama,	831.
	CALHOUN,	Jons	C.,	oratory,	536.
	CALLIMACHUS,	librarian	of	Alexandria,	109;
	poetry.	110.
	CALVIS,	theology,	267.
	CAMOBSS,	Luis	I>K,	epic	poetry,	852.
	CAMPBELL,	THOMAS,	poetry,	512.
	Cancioneros,	Spanish,	321	;	Portuguese,	844
	"	Canterbury	Tales,"	by	Chaucer,	488.
	CASTU,	romance,	243	;	history,	246.
	Carcano,	romance,	243.
	Cardano,	mathematics,	229.
	Carey,	Henry	C.,	political	economy,	545.
	Carlen,	Emily,	romance,	403.
	CARLYLE,	THOMAS,	523.
	Caro,	comedy,	220;	letters,	227.
	Carpio,	Bernardo	del,	ballads	upon,	318k
	CASIMIR	THE	GREAT,	376.
	Cassiodorus,	oratory,	176.
	Castes,	Hindu,	25.
	Castiglione,	moral	philosophy,	229.
	Castilian	dialect,	3(>9	;	character,	825.
	Catalan	dialect,	309	;	trouba<iourB,	820.
	Catacombs,	Egyptian,	60.


554
	LSDKX.
	"	Catiline,	the	War	t,"	by	Sallnst,	15T.
	Catlin,	American	Indiana,	533.
	CATO	THE	CENSOR,	133	;	his	works,	139.
	CATS,	JACOB,	poetry,	454.
	CATULLUS,	lyric	poetry,	143.
	Cavalcanti,	B.,	"	Rhetoric,"	227.
	Cavalieri,	geometry,	223.
	Cavour,	politics,	245.
	CAITOX,	WILLIAM,	the	first	English	printer.
	485.
	Cederborg,	romance,	402.
	"iellini,	Benvenuto,	autobiography,	226.
	CBLSUS,	medicine,	etc.,	174.
	Celtic	literature,	474.
	Celts,	the,	in	England,	462.
	CERVANTES,	romance,	334
	Cesari,	philology,	247.
	Cesarotti,	criticism,	247.
	Chaldaic	language	and	literature,	21.
	Chalmers,	theology,	520.
	Chambers	of	Rhetoric,	Dutch,	449.
	Chamisso,	"	Peter	SchlemihL,"	etc.,	437.
	Champollion,	the	discovery	of,	59.
	Chanuing,	William	Ellery,	theology,	etc.,	544.
	CHARLEUAGNB,	European	literature	before
	Clark,	Loufa	Gaylord,	"	Gosrtp,"	etc..	649.
	Clark,	Willis	Qaylord,	"Ollapodlaca,'	1	eta,
	Classic	periods	of	German	literature,	487.
	Classic	school,	the	French,	260.
	CLAUDIAX,	poetry,	176.
	Claudius,	German	poetry,	430.
	CLAY,	HENRV,	oratory,	536.
	Clement	of	Alexandria,	12L
	Clerks	of	the	Revels,	203
	Clifton,	William,	songs,	530.
	Cobbett,	William,	politics,	520.
	Coccaja,	Merlmo,	macaronic	poetry,	228.
	"	Cockayne,	the	Land	of,"	4S1.
	Coehorn,	Menno	van,	fortification,	451.
	Colden,	Cadwallader,	colonial	history,	52T
	COLERIDGE,	poetry,	514.
	COLLETTA,	history,	245.
	COLLINS,	"	Odes,""	507.
	COLONNA,	VITTOHIA,	lyric	poetry,	219.
	"	Columbiad,"	Barlow's,	530.
	Columella,	"De	Re	Rustica,"	175.
	Comedy,	Greek,	99;	Roman,	132;	Italian,
	237	;	French,	277.	(See	Drama	)
	COMKNICS,	Bohemian	literature,	375.
	and	in	the	time	of,	1S1	;	his	patronage	of	I	COMMINES,	PHILIPPE	DB,	annals!	265
	learning,	249	;	romances	relating	to,	259	;	"Commentaries,"	Caesar's,	155;	G
	German	literature	under,	409.
	Charles	I.,	English	literature	in	the	time	of
	465.
	CHARLES	III.	of	Spain,	encouragement	of
	learning	by,	344.
	CHARLES	V.,	the	Emperor,	323.
	Charron,	skeptical	philosophy,	263.
	Chastelain,	Flemish	chronicles,	449.
	CUATEACBRIAND,	poetry,	religion,	etc.,	293.
	Chatterton,	511.
	CHAUCER,	GEOFFREY,	poetry,	433.
	Chaulieu,	Abbe,	poetry,	234.
	Chemists,	American,	546.
	CdENiER,	ANDRK,	poetry,	296.
	Child,	Lydia	M.,	fiction,	etc.,	538.
	"hinese	literature,	49.
	Jhivalry,	the	golden	age	of,	183;	the	rise
	,	Garcila*
	so's,	342	;	Kent's	and	Story's,	545
	Commonwealth,	the	English,	literature	in
	the	time	of,	405.
	Comte,	philosophy,	801.
	Concordance,	the	first,	produced	in	New
	England,	526.
	COXDILLAC,	philosophy,	291.
	CONFUCIUS,	the	works	attributed	to,	51	;	nil
	life	and	doctrines,	52.
	Congreve,	drama,	501.
	Conscience,	Flemish	fiction	and	history,	460.
	Constant,	Benjamin,	political	science,"	299.
	COOPER,	JAB	ES	FENIMORE,	"	Naval	History,"
	534;	fiction,	536.
	Cooper,	Thomas,	religion,	politics,	etc.,	64T.
	Coornhert,	poetry	and	philosophy,	452.
	COPERNICUS,	astronomy,	377.
	and	spirit	of,	253;	French	romances	of,	j	Coptic	language,	the,	57.
	O	a	vA	CnnniaU	O1	O	.	SI	-	J	1	-<	*	f,	r	,
	258	;	Spanish,	813	;	German,	411	;	En-
	Cordova,	Arabic	schools	and	literature	at
	glish,	479.
	Chorus,	the	Greek,	72,	81.	|	Corinna,	lyric	poetry,	88
	Christianity,	influence	of,	on	the	Neo-Pla-	!	"	Corinne,"	by	Madame	de	StaeL	2T.
	tonic	school,	113;	on	Greek	literature,	!	CORNEILLK,	tragedy,	272
	116;	early	literature	of,	120;	at	Rome,	!	Cortes,	Fernando,	reports,	827.
	COSMO	DB,	MEDICI,	210.
	"Christianity,	the	Genius	of,"	by	Chateau-	~
	briand,	293.
	Christians,	the,	Pliny's	dispatch	coacern-
	lag,	170.
	Cossacks.	See	Kozaks.
	Courts	of	love,	253.
	COUSIN,	philosophy,	801.
	Corerdale,	Miles,	Bible	translation,	487.
	f*.	.	.	I	\SV9	V^lUCtA^.	***itO,	UIU1C	MOUaiCkMUU.	TT^
	Chronicles,	French,	264	;	Spanish,	816	;	[	Cowley,	prose,	493	;	lyric	poetry,	498.
	Polish,	377;	of	Sweden,	by	Ueijer,	401	;	COWPER,	letters,	509;	poetry,	511.
	Welsh,	47o;	Saxon,	477;	English,	478,	Cozzens,	F.	S.,	543
	479	;	Scotch,	436.
	Chrysostom,	John,	homilies	121
	CICERO,	oratory,	151	;	philosophy,	154.	,	__,	,	.._,
	Old,	the,	poem	of,	810	;	ballads	relating	to,	'	Cratinus,	comedy,	100.
	815	;	chronicle	of,	317.	Crebillon,	tragedy,	277.
	Cmomo,	Italian	grammar,	226.
	Cirillo,	medical	science,	235.
	Crabbe,	"	Metrical	Tales,"	517.
	Cranmer,	theology,	438.
	CRASSCS,	L.	Licreius,	oratory,	14ft
	Civil	wars	of	France,	history	of	the,	by
	Davila,	233	;	of	Flanders,	by	Bentlroglio,
	fiarendon,	Lord,	hiatory,	500.
	Criticism,	Italian,	24(5;	French,	800-1	;	Gk*
	man,	439	;	English,	519,	522.
	Crusades,	the,	effect	of,	1>3	;	poetical	char
	acter	of,	255	;	influence	of,	on	Oermaf
	literature,	410.
	Cruz,	Eamon	de	la,	drama,	345


INDEX.
	605
	Cndworth,	theology,	491.
	Cuneiform	inscriptions,	40.
	CPRTHJS,	biography	of	Alexander	the	Great.
	163.
	Curtis,	George	W.,	travels,	etc.,	535,	512.
	Cuvier,	natural	history,	301.
	Cyclic	poets,	the	Greek,	74.
	"	Cyclopaedia,	New	American,"	the,	543.
	Cynic	philosophy,	the,	106,	118.
	Cyprian,	St.,	ITS.
	Cyril,	St.,	Slavic	version	of	the	Bihle,	366.
	Czartoryski,	Adam,	Polish	literature,	378.
	D'Alembert,	Encyclopaedia,	292.
	Dahlgren,	Swedish	poetry,	402.
	Dahlmann,	history,	443.
	Dalin,	Swedish	literature,	399.
	Damiron,	philosophy,	301.
	DANA,	RICHARD	H	,	poetry,	539;	the	"Idle
	Man,"	533.
	"	Dance	of	Death,"	the,	by	Rabbi	Santob,
	313.
	Danes,	the,	in	England,	381.
	Danish	language,	393.
	D'Anghiera,	history,	226.
	DANTE,	201	;	"	Divine	Comedy,"	203	;	other
	works,	205.
	Dark	ages,	the,	commencement	of,	117;
	European	literature	in,	131.
	Darwin,	"	Botan	c	Garden,"	511.
	Davanzati,	history,	226.
	DAVILA,	"	Civil	Wars	of	France,"	233.
	"	Decameron,"Boccaccio's,	208.
	Decker,	drama,	496.
	Defoe,	Daniel,	"	Robinson	Crusoe,"	504
	Deken,	Agatha,	Dutch	romance,	453.
	De	Laet,	Flemish	Literature,	460.
	De	Launoy,	Baroness,	Dutch	poetry,	etc.
	457.
	DELAVIGNE,	lyric	poetry,	302.
	Del	Cimento,	the	Academy,	227.
	Delia	Casa,	oratory,	227	;	moral	philoso-
	phy,	229.
	Delia	Crusca,	the	Academy,	226.
	DE	MAISTRE,	political	science,	299.
	DB	MARRK,	Dutch	tragedy	and	poetry,	456.
	DBMOCRITCS,	philosophy,	87.
	Demonology	in	Germany,	421.
	De	Morgan,	logic,	421.
	DEMOSTHKNES,	oratory,	103.
	Denham,	poetry,	493.
	De	Quincey,	criticism,	528.
	'	De	Re	Rustica,"	by	Cato	the	Censor.	139	;
	by	Columella,	175.
	DK	RKTZ,	Cardinal,	memoirs,	233.
	DERSBAVIS,	Russian	poetry,	363.
	DESCARTKS,	philosophy,	273.
	De	s'Gravenweert,,	poetry,	etc.,460.
	Deshoulieres,	Madame,	poetry,	230.
	De	Vigny,	lyric	poetry,	303	;	romance,	804
	De	Tries,	history	of	Dut"h	poetry,	460
	De	Weeit,	"New	DoctMne,"	448.
	De	Wette,	theology,	44-3.
	Dialectics,	the	Socratic,	105.
	Diaz,	Bernal,	history,	327.
	DICKKNS,	novels,	522.
	Dictionaries,	American,	543.
	Didactic	poetry,	Hebrew,	15:	Hindu,	81;
	Uoman,	147	;	Italian,	222,	242	;	Spanish,
	Mtk
	DIDEROT,	293.
	Digest,	Justinian's,	178.
	Dlngelstedt,	poetry,	496.
	DIODOROS	SICCLOS,	history,	'.	18.
	DIOGENES	THK	CY-NIC,	106.
	Dionys	us,	King,	Portuguese	poetry,	84t.
	Dionysius	of	Halicarnassus,	rhetoric	and
	archaeology,	115.
	Dionysus	(Bacchus),	70	;	Orphic	worship	of^
	84	;	origin	of	the	drama	from,	94
	Disraeli,	novels,	522.
	Dithyramb,	the,	82,	95.
	"	Divine	Comedy,"	Dante's,	203.
	Dmitrief,	poetry,	369.
	Dobrowsky,	Bohemian	literature,	875.
	"	Don	Quixote,"	335.
	Don	Roderic,	the	chronicle	of,	317.
	Donne,	sermons,	490	;	lyrics,	493.
	Doric	lyric	poets,	SI.
	Jouglas,	Gavin,	poetry,	4S6.
	'	Douglas,"	Home's	tragedy	of,	510.
	Downing,	A.	J.,	rural	life	and	architecture,
	542.
	DRAKK,	JOSEPH	RODMAN,	"	Culprit	Fay,"
	540.
	Drama,	Hebrew,	15;	Hindu,	81;	Greek,
	93.	94	;	Chinese,	55	;	Roman,	130	et	seq.,
	143,	13	;	Italian,	212,	219,	232	;	French,
	262,	269,	271,	274.	305	;	Spanish,	319,	323,
	845;	Portuguese,	355,	357	;	Russian,	367,
	86S	;	Polish,	373	;	Danish,	394	;	Swedish,
	899;	German,	4L6,	424	42S,	433;	Dutch,
	454,	456	;	English,	439,	493,	510	;	Ameri-
	can,	541.
	Dray	ton,	'	Poly-Olbion,'	493.
	DRVDES,	JOHN,	prose,	500	;	poetry,	502.
	DDDEVANT,	Mine.	(.George	Sand),	romance,
	804
	DUMAS,	romance	and/.rama,	305.
	DCXBAK,	WILLIAM,	Scottish	poetry,	486.
	"	Dunciad,"	Pope's,	503
	Duns	Scotus,	philosophy,	473,	432.
	Dutch	literature	io	the	16th	century,	447;
	in	the	16th	century,	452	;	in	the	17th,	453	;
	in	the	ISth,	455	;	in	the	19th,	453.
	Dutch	Rep	iblic,	rise	of	the,	449	;	Motley's
	history	ol,	533.
	D	wight,	Time	thy,	poetry,	etc,	530.
	Eclecticism,	Cousin's,	801.
	Eclogues,	110.
	Edda,	the	poetic,	837	;	the	prose,	891.
	Education,	Hebrew,	12;	Hindu,	36;	Chinese,
	56	;	modern	Egyptian,	64	;	Turkish,	362.
	Educational	books,	American,	543.
	EDWARDS,	JONATHAN,	theology,	527.
	Egypt	under	the	Ptolemies,	109.
	Egyptian	literature,	57.
	Eleatic	school	of	philosophy,	86.
	Elegy,	Greek,	76	;	Roman,	150.
	Eliot,	John,	Indian	translation	of	the	Bible,
	526.
	Elizabethan	era,	the,	463.
	Kllet,	Mrs.,	female	biography,	534
	Elliott,	the	Corn-Law	Rhymer.	521
	Eloquence,	Arabian.	192	;	French,	andef
	Louis	XIV.,	2SO	;	during	the	Revolution,
	294	;	English,	509.	(See	Oratory.)
	EMERSON,	KALPH	WALDO,	poetry,	541	;	e
	says,	542.


656
	INDEX.
	.,	,	87.
	Encyclopaedia,	the	French,	291	;	Ameri-
	cana,	543.
	English	literature,	461	;	Introduction,	462	;
	before	the	Conquest,	474	;	in	the	Celtic	,
	tongues,	ib.	;	in	the	Latin,	475,	477	;	in
	the	Anglo-Saxon,	476	;	in	Norman	French,	!
	479;	io	Saxon	English.	4S1	;	in	the	14th
	century,	ib.	;	in	the	15th,	4S4	;	in	the	age
	of	the	Reformation,	4S7;	from	Spenser
	to	.Milton,	490	;	from	the	Restoration	to
	the	Revolution,	499	;	in	the	18th	century,
	502;	in	the	19th,	511.
	English	race,	the,	Anglo-Saxon	and	Scandi-
	navian	elements	in,	8SO.
	Eiitvos,	Hungarian	romance	and	drama,
	861.
	Bpic	poetry,	Hebrew,	15	;	Hindu,	28	;
	Greek,	73	et	s&j.	;	Roman,	145,	164	;	Ital-
	ian,	213	et	seq	231,	241	;	Spanish,	810,
	833	;	Portuguese,	852	;	Finnish,	859	;	Ser-
	vian,	372;	German,	409,	412.	(See
	Poetry.)
	EPICTKTCS,	philosophy,	113.
	Epigram,	Greek,	77	;	Romvi,	162	;	Span-
	ish,	840.
	Epistles,	the,	of	Seneca,	173.
	Epistolary	writings,	Italian,	234.	(See	Let-
	ters.)
	ERASMUS,	classics	and	theology,	450.
	Eratosthenes,	chronology,	geography,	etc.,
	Ill,	112.
	EHCILLA,	narrative	poetry,	838.
	Erigena,	philosophy,	476.
	"	Essay	on	Criticism,"	and	"	Essay	on
	Man,"	Pope's,	503.
	Essayists,	the,	of	Queen	Anne's	time,	504;
	modern	British,	519.
	,	Essedi,	Persian	poetry,	44.
	Etrurians,	the,	125.
	Etruscan	literature,	123;	language,	125,
	126;	religion,	127;	dramatic	entertain-
	ments,	130.
	Eucleides	of	Megara.	philosophy,	106.
	Eiicui),	mathematics,	112.
	Eupolis,	comedy,	100.
	Europe,	literature	of,	in	the	dark	ages,	1S1	;
	social	and	political	state	of,	1S3	;	gen-
	eral	influence	of	French	literature	in,	39S.
	Eusebius,	ecclesiastical	history,	121.
	Eutropius,	Flavius,	history,	176.
	EVALD.	Danish	poetry,	894.
	L'v<-lyn.	John,	miscellaneous	prose,	500.
	Everard,	Johannes	Secundus,	poetry,	452.
	Everett.	Edward,	oratory,	536
	"Excursion,"	Wordsworth's,	515.
	inch,
	Fabius	Pictor,	history,	133.
	Fable,	Greek,	7S;	Romau,	160;	Fren
	278	;	Russian,	869	;	German,	416,	420.
	Fabliaux,	the,	of	the	trouveres,	261.
	Fubulie	Atellanae,	the.	130.
	"	Faerie	Queene,"	Spenser's,	496.
	Fahlcrantz,	Swedish	poetry,	402.
	Fathers,	Christian,	the	Greek,	119	;	the	La
	tin,	173.
	Faust,	the	legend	of,	421	;	Goethe's	drama
	of,	427.
	,	.
	"	Federalist,"	the,	529.
	Feith,	Dutch	poetry,	468.
	FEIZI	ScHEtic,	Persian	poetry,	49.
	Felton's	"	Classical	Studies,"	544.
	Female	songs,	Servian,	872.
	Female	writers,	modern	German,	488.
	FENKLON,	theology,	romance,	etc.,	284.
	FKRDITSI,	Persian	poetry,	43.
	Ferischta,	Persian	history,	47.
	?ERREIRA,	poetry	and	drama,	352,	855.
	'	Ferrex	and	Porrex,"	the	earliest	EngUal
	tragedy,	490.
	?escennine	verses,	129.
	Vrjoo,	BENITO,	science,	844
	f"iCHTE,	philosophy,	444.
	?iction,	Chinese,	56	;	the	proper	office	of,
	485	;	German,	436	;	American,	536.	(Sei
	Romance,	and	Novels	)
	FIKLDIXO,	novels,	606.
	Filangieri,	legislative	philosophy,	235.
	?ILICAJA,	lyric	poetry,	232.
	Finnish	language	and	literature,	858.
	Florentine,	didactic	poetry,	242.
	Firenzuola.	comedy,	220	;	novels,	223.
	FISCHART,	prose	satire,	419.
	FLACCDS,	VALERIUS,	epic	poetry,	165.
	Flanders,	history	of	the	civil	wars,	of,	233	;
	early	distinction	of,	44S.
	Flechier,	pulpit	eloquence,	280.
	Flemming.	Paul,	hymns.	423.
	Flemish	language,	447	;	literature,	contem-
	porary,	460.
	Fletcher,	drama,	495.
	Fletcher,	Giles,	religious	poetry,	498.
	Fleury,	Abbe,	"	History	of	Christianity,"
	233.
	Flint,	western	travels,	534.
	Florence,	history	of,	bv	MalaspinL,	201	;	bj
	Machiavelli.	224	;	by	others.	226.
	Florida,	history	of,	by	Garcilasso,	342.
	Fo,	religion	of,	52.
	Fokke.	satire,	4.'-9.
	Fonblanqu.-,	Albany,	journalism,	"23.
	FONTENELLB,	tragedy	and	science,	2S6.
	Ford,	drama,	496.
	Forster,	George,	travels,	445.
	Fortiguerri,	mock	heroics,	242.
	FOSCOLO,	Uoo,	tragedy,	24U	;	lyric	-poetry,
	241	;	romance,	243	;	criticism	and	philo-
	logy,	247.
	Foster,	practical	theology,	520.
	Fox,	John,	'	Book	of	Martyrs"	4S8.
	France,	history	of	the	civil	wars	of,	by	Da-
	vila,	233	;	Godwin's	history	of.	533.
	Francis	de	Sales,	St.,	religion,	263.
	FRANCE,	history,	and	theology,	419.
	FRANKLIN,	BENJAMIN,	philosophy,	etc.,	52T.
	Franzen,	Swedish	poetry,	4ul
	Fratres	Arvales,	ancient	chant	of	the,	126.
	French	literature,	introduction,	249	;	in	tha
	middle	ages,	252	;	in	the	loth	century,
	263	;	under	the	Renaissance	and	the	Re-
	formation,	H65	;	the	golden	age	of,	274
	In	the	ISlh	century,	2S5	;	during	the	Revo
	lution,	260	;	under	the	Empire,	296	;	sine*
	the	Restoration,	299;	influence	of,	in
	Spain,	343	;	in	Poland.	873	;	in	Sweden	anrf
	throughout	Europe	398	et	seq.
	'.	Freiligrath.	poetry,	432.
	I	FRKNUAD,	PHILIP,	poetry,	530.
	:	Freytag.	comedy,	435	;	romance,	429
	Frigga,	the	win	of	Odin,	3&4.


INDEX.
	557
	Frlslo	language,	447.
	"	Friso,"	spic	poam.	b>	Van	Haren,	456.
	"	Kiithiof	:	s	Saga	"	by	Tegner,	4ul.
	FBOISTART,	chronicles,	'264.
	Frontinus.	tactics,	architecture,	etc.	175.
	Fronton,	Cornelius,	oratory,	176.
	Fuller,	"	Wortliies	of	Englund,"	491.
	Fuller	(Ossoli;,	Margaret,	criticism,	542.
	Gaelic	literature,	474.
	Gains,	'	Institutes,"	141.
	Galba,	oratory,	140.
	GALEN,	philosophy	and	medicine,	116.
	Galician	dialect	and	literature,	the	original
	of	the	Portuguese,	3	9,	o49.
	GALILEO,	astronomy,	228	;	his	influence	on
	philosophy,	'247.
	Gallupj)!,	philosophy,	247.
	Gallus,	Martin,	Polish	history,	376.
	GAKCILASSO	DK	LA	VEGA,	poetry,	326.
	GARCILASSO	DK	LA	VEGA,	history,	341.
	GBIJIJR,	history,	4"1.
	Gellert,	Fables."	425.
	Geologists,	American,	546.
	George	II,	and	III.,	literature	of	the	times'
	of,	463,	5-J5	etseq.
	GEORGE	SAND	(Mine.	Dudevant),	romance,
	8	'4.
	Georgics,	Virgil's,	1-17.
	Gerhard.	Paul,	hymns,	423.
	German	literature,	introduction,	404;	in	the
	earliest	times,	4'iS;	under	Charlemagne
	and	his	successors,	409	;	the	Suabian	age
	of.	41ll;	\n	the	I4th	and	l.Hh	centuries,
	414;	the	Lutheran	period	of.	417;	in	the
	17th	century	422	;	the	Silesian	schools	of,
	4^3;	the	Saxonic	and	Swiss	schools	of,
	4->4;	the	Giittingen	school	of,	43J;	the
	Romantic	school	of,	431.
	Germany,	treatise	on,	by	Tacitus,	166	;	by
	Mme.	de	Stael,	297.
	Gervase,	of	Tilbury,	chronicles,	478,	479.
	GERVINUS,	literary	history,	etc.,	441.
	Gessner,	'	Idyls,"	425.
	'	Gesta	Romanorum,"	the,	479.
	Gherardini,	philology.	247.
	Giambuilari.	history.	226.
	GIANNUNK	history.	244.
	Giants,	the,	of	Scandinavian	mythology,
	882	et	seq.
	"	Giavidan	Kird,"	a	Zendic	work,	89.
	GIBBON,	history,	508.
	"Gil	Bias,"	by	Le	Sage	286.
	Ginguene,	literary	h	story,	3'1.
	GIOBERTI,	aesthetics.	246	;	philosophy,	248.
	Gioja,	philosophy,	247.
	Giordan!,	criticism,	247.
	Giraldi,	Cinzio,	drama,	220;	novels,	223.
	Giraldus	Carabrensis,	chronicles,	478.
	Gjrardin,	St.	Marc,	criticism,	801.
	Giusti,	satire,	242.
	Gleim,	poetry,	425
	Gods,	Egyptian,	62	;	Sreek,	69	;	Roman,
	127	;	Scandinavian,	JS3.
	Goddesses.	Scandinavian,	384.
	GODWIN.	PARRK,	'	History	of	France,'	1	583	;
	essays,	M2.
	GOKTHK,	427	;	dramas,	433	;	novels.	436.
	Golden	age,	the,	of	Greece,	67,	'j	;	of	Rome,
	124	;	of	France,	274.
	"	Golden	Ass,"	the,	DT	Apuleiiu,	11J	;	by
	Firenzuola,	223.
	GOLDDXI,	comedy,	237.
	GOLDSMITH	prose,	503;	comedy,	510;	po-
	etry,	il>.
	GUM	>HA,	history,	327.
	GOXGORA,	Luis,	founder	of	the	"	cultivated
	style,"	340.
	Gonzalez,	poetry,	345.
	Gonzalez,	Fernan,	ballads	relating	to,	815.
	GO.XZALO	Berceo),	poeti-y.	oil.
	GOODHICH,	S.	G.	(Peter	Parley),	juvenile
	works,	o84	;	-	Animal	Kingdom,"	546.
	Gothic	literature,	403-9.
	Gothic	school,	the,	of	Sweden.	401.
	Gottingen	school	of	poetry,	430.
	GOTTSCHI-D,	poetry	and	criticism,	424,	43'J.
	"Ginz	of	Beiiichingen,"	by	Goethe,	427,
	433.
	Gould,	Hannah	P.,	poetry,	541.
	Gowm,	JOHN,	Confessio	Amantis,"	4S3.
	Gozzi,	C	IKLO,	comedy,	238.
	Gozzi,	GASPAR,	satire,	242	;	criticism,	246.
	Graal.	Sen	San	Graal.
	Gracchi,	the,	oratory,	140.
	Grammarians,	Alexandrian,	111	;	Roman
	142,	153,	176;	Arabian,	192;	Italian,	226!
	"Grave	"	Blair's,	506.
	GUAVINA,	patron	of	Metastasio,	236;	crit-
	icism,	24t5.
	GKAY,	''Elegy,"	etc	.	507.
	Gra.vdon,	i	evolutionary	memoirs,	531.
	Grazzini	(Lasca),	novels,	'223.
	Greek	Literature,	66	;	from	remote	anti-
	quity	to	Herodotus,	71	;	the	Athenian
	eposh	of,	90;	the	Alexandrian,	109	;	iu
	Home.	114,	123,143;	continued	decline
	of,	110;	last	echoes	of,	117.
	Greek	fathers,	the,	119*
	Greeks,	the	ancient,	character	and	geniua
	of,	67	;	compared	with	the	Romans,
	128-9,	135.
	Greene,	drama,	494.
	Greene	G.	\V.,	biography,	etc.,	534.
	Greenwood	Grace,	"	Ariadne,"	541.
	Gregory	Nazianzen,	121.
	Gregory	of	Tours,	history.	249.
	Greville,	Fulke,	poetry,	493.
	Grillparzer,	dram*	43).
	GKI.M.M,	J.vc	>B	and	WILLIAM,	archaeology,
	philology,	etc.,''.^-^!.
	Grossi,	epic	poetry,	241	;	romance,	243.
	GROIIUS,	HUGO,	jurisprudence,	etc.,	450.
	Gi	iin,	Anast^s'.us,	poetry,	433.
	GRUNDTVIG,	Danish	literature,	396.
	GUAHI.NI,	"Pastor	Fido,"	221.
	GCKKR/ZZI,	romance,	243.
	Guicr.AHDi.sr,	history,	225.
	DISOT,	philosophical	history,	800;	crltt
	uism,	801.
	"	Gulistan,"	the,	by	Sadl,	45.
	Gurowski,	Count	A.	de,	541.
	GUS^AVUS	III.,	Swed	sh	literature,	899.
	Gutzkow,	poetry,	4^3;	d.araa,	485.
	"	Guzman	de	Alfarache,"	by	Aleman,	881
	HAFIZ.	Persian	poetry,	45.
	Hagedorn,	German	poetry,	425.
	Hahn-HaLn,	Countess,	Sclion,	433.
	Hale,	Mrs.	female	biography	,53-i.


058
	E7DEX.
	Uall,	BlAiop,	theology,	etc.,	491.
	Hall,	Robert,	theology,	520.
	Hallam,	literary	h:st<>
	HALLKCK,	Firz	G	KKSK,	poetry,	539.
	Haller,	German	l.terature,	425.
	Hallman,	Swedish	drama,	40J.
	HAMILTON,	AI.EXVSO^H,	62S	:	the	"	Federal-
	ist,"	etc.,	5^9.
	Hamilton,	Count,	French	memoirs,	233.
	Hamilton,	Sir	Wilham,	metaphysics,	524.
	Ha'imarskuld.	Swedish	literature,	401.
	Hanke,	llenriette.	moral	fiction,	438.
	H	KDENBfcKG	iNovalis;,	romance,	etc.,	431,
	43T.
	Hardy,	Alexander,	French	comedy,	269.
	Baring,	Wilhehn	^WJibald	Alexis),	ro-
	mance,	433.
	Hoots	AL	RASCHID,	caliph,	190.
	"	Harper's	Magazine,"	54i>.
	Harrington,	"	Oceana,"	492.
	H	VTIFI,	Persian	poetry,	46.
	Hauch,	Danish	poetry,	etc.,	397.
	Halves,	Stephen,	poetry,	434.
	H.vwrHurtNK,	fiction,	5-37.
	Huzlitt,	William,	criticism,	519.
	Headley.	J.	T	.,	biography	and	history,	534.
	Hebrew	literature,	9.
	Heeren,	history	442.
	HKGKL,	philosophy,	445.
	He.be/g,	Danish	drama,	etc	,	397.
	BULBOUS*,	JAMS'	A.,	poetry,	540.
	Hieroph	phics,	Egyptian,	58.
	Hindu	literature,	^3
	Hipparchus,	astronomy,	112.
	"	llistoiical	.Magazine,"	the,	549.
	"	HUtories,"	the,	of	Tacitus,	166.
	History,	Hebrew,	15;	Hindu,	32	;	Chines*
	53	;	Egyptian,	61	;	Greek	&S,	104;	Roman,
	13T,	165,	165,	17(5	;	Arabian,	195;	Italian,
	201,	2.'4,	'233,	244;	French,	283,	K
	299;	Spanish,	327,	841;	Portuguese,
	3oS	;	Scandinavian,	391	;	Swedish,	401	;
	German,	440,	442	;	Dutch,	453	et	eq.	;
	English,	492,	500,	507-8,	523;	American,
	532.
	Hitopadesa,	the,	31.
	HOBBKS,	philosophy	and	history	492.
	Hoffman,	Charles	Fenno,	poetry	etc,.	585,
	540.
	Hoffmann,	fiction,	433.
	Hoffmann	von	Fallersleben,	poetry,	433.
	Hoffmannswalden,	poetry,	424.
	Hoelty,	poetry,	430.
	Hogg,	James,	poetry,	521.
	'Hohenstauffen	dynasty,	the,	German	litera-
	ture	under,	41".
	HOLBKKO,	Danish	literature,	894.
	Holbrook,	"	North	American	Herpetology,"
	546.
	Holland.	See	Dutch	literature.
	Hei	ii-iall,	the	warder	of	the	Scandinavian	I	Holland,	J.	G.	("	Timothy	Titcomb	"),	542.
	god8,S33.
	1	Heimskringla,"	the,	by	Snorre	Sturleson,
	H.-:ix	,	HKISRICH,	poetry,	432
	Hoinsius.	Daniel,	classics,	451.
	Heinsius,	Nicholas,	poetry,	452.
	'	Heldenbuch,"	the,	182,418.
	Holmes,	Oliver	Wendell,	poetry,	etc.,	540,
	542.
	Home,	tragedy	of	''	Douglas,"	510.
	HoMfcR,	poems	of,	73.
	Houover,	or	Horn,	tha	first	prophet	of	Per-
	sia,	40.
	Hood,	Thomas,	poetry,	521.
	Helmers,	poem	of	"The	DutchNation,"458.	[	Hoofman,	Elizabeth,	poetry,	455.
	IL'^.	philosophy,	292.
	Heman-,	Mrs	,	poetry,	517.
	Henricourt,	F.emish	chronicles,	449.
	Henry	VIII.,	English	Uterature	in	the	time
	HOOKT,	poetry,	history,	etc.,	454.
	Hoogvliet,	poem	of	"	Abraham,"	454.
	Hook,	Theodore,	novels,	522
	Uooke,	"Ecclesiastical	Polity,"	490.
	of,	407.	!	Hope's	"	Anastasius,"	513.
	Henry	the	Minstrel,	poem	of	"	Wallace,"	Hopkinson,	Francis,	poetry,	530.
	456.	HORACE,	poetry,	149.
	Henry	of	Ofterdingen,	minnesinger,	411	;	HORTENSIDS,	QDIXTUS,	oratory,	140.
	romance	of,	by	Xo	valid,	437.
	Henryson,	Robert,	Scottish	poetry,	486.
	Hensius,	Dutch	poetry,	455.
	HKRCL1TU--,	philOSO])
	Herbert,	George,	religious	poetry,	493.
	11.	KUI-.K,	poetry,	theology,	etc.,	42d	;	criti-
	cism,	439.
	Hermes,	inventor	of	Egyptian	letters,	57.
	"	Uro	and	Leander,"	by	Musaeus,	119.
	HKHODOTCS,	history,	83.
	^=Herrera,	lyric	poetry,	339;	history,	841.
	Uerrick,	lyric	poetry,	493.
	Herwegh,	poetry,	433.
	Herz,	Danish	poetry	and	drama,	397
	He.z,	Henrietle,	romance,	433.
	HB-IUD,	the	works	of,	75.
	Hexameters,	Greek,	72
	Heywood,	Johc,	interludes,	4S9.
	He	v	wood,	Thomas,	drama,	496
	Hilarius,	hymns,	176.
	"Uildebrand	Lied,"	the,	409.
	Horus.	the	Egyptian	god,	63.
	Hoveden,	Roger	de,	chronicles,	478.
	Howe,	"	Living	Temple,"	499.
	Howe,	Julia	\Vard.	poetry,	541.
	Huber,	Theresa,	novels,	433.
	Hcoo,	VICTOR,	lyric	poetry,	803;	romance.
	304	;	drama,	305.
	HOMBOLDT,	ALKXASDKR	vH,	travels,	etc..
	445,446.
	Humboldt,	William	von,	philology,	etc.,	439
	HCMK.	philosophy,	505	;	history,	503.
	Hungarian	language	and	literature,	359.
	Hunt,	Leigh,	poetry,	517.
	Hurlburt,	\V.	H.,	political	economy,	&4S.
	Hushang,	Persian	poetry,	39.
	Huss,	JOHN,	Bohemian	Uterature,	374.
	HuTTr.s,	satire,	420.
	Huydecoper,	fri-amraar	and	tragedy,	454
	Huygens,	poewy,	455.
	Huyghens,	Christian,	astronomy,	451.
	Hymenaos,	the	Greek,	72.
	Hildreth'a	"	HjflUry	of	toe	United	Sta.'^*,"	Hymns,	the	Homeric,	75	;	early	Christian,
	684.	:	176	;	Luther's,	419	;	Gernua,	421,	438.


INDEX.
	559
	HTPXTTA,	philosophy,	118.
	Uypereides,	oratory,	104.
	Jovellanos,	poetry,	etc.,	S45.
	Judd's	"	Margarot,"	538.
	"	Jugurthine	War,"	the,	by	Sallust,	157.
	Junius,	the	letters	of,	509.
	Jurisprudence.	Koman,	141,	ITS	;	American,
	545.
	Justin	Martyr,	philosophy,	120.
	Justinian,	the	Code	and	Institutes	of,	179.
	Iambic	poetry,	Greek,	Tt
	IAMBLICIIUS,	the	first	romance	writer,	118.
	Iberians,	the,	3U8.
	JBVCUS,	lyric	poetry,	82.
	Iceland,	the	colonization	of,	887.
	Icelandic	or	old	Norse	language	and	litera-	'	JUVENAL,	satire,	161.
	ture,	336.
	Idyls,	Alexandrian,	110.	KALIDASA,	Hindu	drama,	81.	32.
	Ignatius,	St.,	120.	|	Kane,	E.	K.,	arctic	explorations,	535.
	"	Igor's	Expedition,"	a	Russian	epic,	867.	i	KANT,	philosophy,	444.
	Iliad,	the,	73;	Pope's	translation	of,	503;	!	Kantemir,	Russian	literature.	868.
	Cowper's,	511.	j	KAPILA,	Hindu	philosophy,	83.
	"	Index	Expurgatorius,"	the	first	Spanish,	Kradshitc	Vukah,	Steplianovitch,	Servian
	824.	|	national	songs,	etc.,	372.
	India,	social	constitution	of,	25	;	sacred	|	KARAMSIN,	Russian	poetry	and	history,	868.
	books	of,	27	;	modern	literature	of,	36	;	Kastner,	mathematics	and	poetry,	425.
	education	in,	ib.	\	KEATS,	poetry,	516.
	Indians,	American,	works	relating	to,	533.	1	Kellgren,	Swedish	poetry,	399.
	Inquisition,	the	Spanish,	322,	324,	346.	Kemeny,	Hungarian	romance,	861.
	Inscriptions,	cuneiform,	40;	Egyptian,	57,	j	Kempis,	Thomas	a,	"Imitation	of	Christ,"
	60;	ancient	Koman,	125-6.	417.
	"	Institutes	"	of	Gaius,	141	;	of	Justinian,	Kennedy.	"	Swallow	Barn,"	538.
	179.	j	Kent's	'	Commentaries,"	545.
	"	Institutes	of	Oratory,"	by	Quintilian,	168.	Kerner,	poetry,	432.
	lonians,	the	Asiatic,	90.	j	Kexel,	Swedish	comedy,	400.
	Ionic	school	of	philosophy,	85.	I	Kheraskof,	Russian	literature,	363.
	IRVING,	WASHINGTON,	biography,	534	;	"As-	Khondemir,	Persian	history,	47.
	toria,"	535	;	fiction,	536.
	Isaius,	oratory,	lt)4.
	Ishmael,	progenitor	of	the	Arabians,	185.
	Isis,	the	Egyptian	goddess,	63.
	ISLA,	'	History	of	Friar	Gerund,"	344.
	ISOCRATKS,	oratory,	103.
	Italian	literature,	introduction,	193	;	rise
	Khoronen,	Finnish	poetry,	"59.
	"	Khosru	and	Shireen,	History	of,"	42.
	Kingo,	Danish	psalms	and	hymns,	893.
	"	King's	Quair,"	the,	486.
	Kingsley.	romance,	o22.
	Kirkland.	Mrs.,	"	Life	of	Washington,"	534;
	"	New	Home,"	538
	of,	2	ti	;	first	decline	of,	209	;	revival	of,	'	Kleist,	poetry,	425.
	211	;	decline	of,	in	the	17lh	century,	230	;	KLINGER,	drama	of	"	StarBand	Stress,"	etc.,
	second	revival	of,	234	;	influence	of,	in	|	431.
	Spain,	3;	in	Portugal,	351.	'	KLOPSTOCK,	"	The	Messiari,"	426.
	Italy,	tiie	original	inhabitants	of,	124	;	his-	"	Knickerbocker	Magazine,"	the,	549.
	tory	of,	by	Gu<cciardini,	225	;	universities	Knolles,	'	Turkish	History,"	492.
	of,	223	;	antiquities	and	annals	of,	by	Knorring,	Baroness.	Swedish	romance,	403.
	Muratori,	244.	Kochanowski,	Polish	poetry,	377.
	Kock,	Paul	de,	fiction.	3	5.
	James	I.,	English	literature	in	the	time	of,	Koeppen,	"	World	in	the	Middle	Ages,"	54'	t
	465,	490	et	xeq.	Kollar,	Bohemian	poetry,	875.
	JAMK.S	I.	of	Scotland,	"	The	King's	Quair,"	Konarski,	Stephen,	Polish	literature,	878.
	486.	|	Koran,	the,	185.
	JAMI,	Persian	poetry,	46.	KORNER,	THEODORE,	poetry,	431.
	Jayadeva,	Hindu	poetry,	31.	Koslof,	Russian	poetry,	369.
	JEFFERSON,	writings	of,	o2S	;	Randall's	life	Kossrni,	influence	of,	on	Hungarian	litera
	of,	534.	ture,	360.
	JEFFRKY,	FRANCIS,	essays	and	criticism,	519.	KOTZEBDE,	drama,	434.
	Jerome,	St.,	epistles,	etc.,	178.	Kozaks,	songs	and	ballads	of	the,	870-71.
	JEKOMK	OF	P.JAGL-K,	374.	j	Kramerius,	Bohemian	literature,	875.
	"	Jerusalem	Delivered,"	Tasso's,	216.	!	Krasicki	Polish	poetry,	878.
	Jews,	arclitEology	and	history	of	the,	by	|	Krishna,	the	incarnation	of	Vishnu,	29.
	Jofephus,	115.	(See	Hebrew	Literature.)	j	Krylof,	Russian	Table,	369.
	Job,	book	of,	15.
	Jodelle,	drama,	269.
	JOHNSON,	SAMUKL,	5	5,	503,	509.
	JON>ON,	BKN,	drama,	4J5.
	Joinville,	life	of	St.	Louis,	264.
	Josk,	ANTONIO,	Poituguese	drama,	357.
	Josephus,	Flavius,	history,	etc.,	115.
	Josika,	Hungarian	romance,	361.
	Jotuns,	the	tjcirndinaviau	giauts,	3S3	et	seq.
	Jouffroy,	philosophy,	3>>1.
	Kuthy,	Hungarian	romance,	361.
	LABERIUS,	mimography,	144.
	La	Bruyere,	'	Characters,"	282.
	Lactantius,	''	Divine	Institutes,"	179.
	Lafayette,	Mme.	de,	27U	;	romance,	3S4.
	LA	FONTAINE,	fables,	'27S.
	La	Harpe,	criticism,	294.
	LAMARTINE,	philosophical	history,	800;	pa
	etry,	208.


560
	INDEX.
	LAMB,	CKAW.B,	519.
	LA.MK.VNAIS,	philosophy,	etc.,	301.
	Lamotte,	criticisin,	287.
	uA	MOTTE	FOUQUE,	romance,	437.
	Landor,	Walter	Savage,	oil.
	Lanfranc,	theology.	478.
	Laugendijk.	comedy,	456.
	LANGLAXU,	ROBERT,	'	Vision	of	Piers	Plow-
	man,"	433.
	Language,	Hebrew,	10	;	Syriac.	Chaldaic
	and	Phoenician,	22	;	Sanscrit,	24	;	Prakrit,
	etc.,	2'>;	Persian,	3i	;	Chinese,	49	;	Egyp-
	tian,	57;	Greek,	6s	;	Latin.	124,	139,188;
	Arabian,	134;	Italian,	199;	French,	250;
	Prov	enc,al,	*51	;	Spanish,	303	;	Portuguese,
	843	:	Finnish,	353	;	Hungarian,	359	;	Turk-
	ish,	3iil	;	Armenian,	3d	i	;	Russian,	3t>d	;
	Servian.	371;	Bohemian.	373;	Polish	3	5;
	Icelandic,	Danish,	Swedish	and	Norwe-
	gian,	3S6	;	German,	4	8	;	Dutch,	Flemish
	and	Frisic,	417	;	Anglo-Saxon,	471	;	En-
	glish,	472.
	Languages,	classification	of,	xv.
	Langue	d'oc	and	d'oui,	251.
	LAO-TSE,	religion	of	the	Tao,	52.
	Lara,	the	Seven	Lords	of,	Spanish	ballads	up-
	on,	fli.
	LAS	CASAS,	history,	827.
	Laliiuer.	sermons	and	letters,	483.
	Latin	language,	the,	124	;	corruption	of,
	180	;	its	use	in	the	dark	ages,	1S1	;	blend-
	ing	of,	with	the	Teutonic	tongues,	183	;
	Hungarian	literature	in,	359,	odO;	Polish,
	877;	German,	422	;	Dutch.	450:	En"Ush
	4,1	\	477.
	"	Launcelot,"	the	romance	of,	480.
	LAURA	D&	SADE,	2nd.
	"	Laws,"	the,	of	Plato,	1S7.
	Layamon,	rhymed	chronicles,	48L
	LEDYAUD,	JOHN,	travels,	o31.
	Legends,	German,	459.
	Leibnitz,	philosophy.	423.
	Leipsic,	the	book	fairs	of,	445.
	Lelewel,	civil	rights,	379.
	LKNGREN,	ANNA	MARIA,	poetry,	400.
	Leo	the	Great,	Pope.	178.
	Leo	X.,	Pope,	212,	219.
	Leon,	Luis	de,	lyric	poetry,	839.
	Leopardi,	lyrics,	241	;	satire,	242	;	criticism,
	2U.
	Leopold,	Swedish	poetry,	399.
	Lepsius,	Egyptology,	442.
	Le	Sage,	"	Gil	Bias,"	286.
	"	Lesbian	Adventures,"	the,	by	Longus,	119.
	LESSIXO.	drama,	criticism	and	philosophy,
	426,	433.
	Letters,	the,	of	Pliny	the	younger,	169	;	of
	Mrae.	de	Sevigne,	284	;	of	Mme.	de	Main-
	tenon,	235	;	of	Junius,	Walpole,	and
	Cowper,	509	;	of	the	American	Revolu-
	tionary	period,	523.
	"	L'	He"tain6ron,"	by	Marguerite	de	Valois,
	266.	~
	Lidner,	Swedish	literature,	400.
	Lieber,	Dr.,	"	Encyclopaedia	Americana,"
	etc.,	543,	547.
	"	Life	of	Jesus,"	by	Strauss,	443-t
	Linnaeus,	boUny,	4'>3,	452.
	Linus,	the	G	reek	song	of,	71.
	Upp'	t	mock	heroic	poetry,	282.
	Lipslus,	philology,	451.
	Literary	history,	French,	800;	Germai,439
	English,	523.
	Livingston's	"	System	of	Penal	Laws,"	54J
	Lmors	AXDBONICU3,	tragedy,	etc..	13J,	13L
	142.
	Livy,	history,	158.
	LOBKIRA,	VASCO	DS,	"	Amadis	of	Gaul,"	259.
	313.
	LOBO,	RODRIGUEZ,	Portuguese	literature,	855.
	LOCKE,	JOHN,	philosophy,	499.
	Lockhart,	novels,	51S.
	Logic,	Aristotelian,	Ins.
	Logographers,	the	Greek,	88.
	Lohenstein,	poetry,	424.
	Lokman,	fables,	3J.
	Lollio,	oratory,	227.
	LOMOXOSOF,	grammar,	etc.,	363.
	LONGFELLOW,	HENRY	W.,	fiction,	533	;	poet-
	ry,	539.
	LONGIXUS,	philosophy,	114.
	"	Longobards	of	the	first	Crusade,"	bj
	Grossi,	241.
	Longus,	"	The	Lesbian	Adventure,"	119.
	Looses,	poetry	and	romance,	459.
	Loots,	poetry,	46u.
	Lope.	See	Vega,	and	Rueda.
	Lorenzi,	didactic	poetry,	242.
	Lorenzo	de'	Medici,	211.
	Lorris,	Guilhiume	de.	trouvere,	261.
	Lossing's	"	Field	Book	of	the	Revolution,'
	634.
	Louis	XIV.,	the	sige	of,	27*.
	LOWELL,	J.	R.,	poetry,	540.
	LUCAN,	epic	poetry,	liH.
	LUCIAN,	philosophy,	114.
	LUCILIDS,	satire,	137.
	LUCRE	rius,	didactic	poetry,	147.
	"Ludwigs	Lied,"	the,	41lt.
	"Lusiad,"	the,	of	Camoens,	358.
	LUTHKR,	MARTIN,	413.
	Lutheran	period	of	German	literature,	4171
	"	Lutrin,"	the,	by	Boileau,	279.
	Lyceum,	the,	of	Athens,	108	;	school	ot
	the,	113.
	Lycophron,	poetry,	410.
	Lycurgus,	oratory,	104.
	LYDGATE,	JOUN,	poetry,	434.
	Lyric	poetry,	Hebrew,	13;	Hindu,	80	J
	Greek,	73;	^olic,	79	;	Doric,	81	;	Ro-
	man,	143	;	Italian,	213,	232,	240	;	French.,
	802;	Spanish,	339;	German,	421	;	English,
	493.	(See	Poetry	and	Songs	)
	LTSIAS,	oratory,	102.
	Macaronic	poetry,	222.
	MACAUI.AY,	essays	and	history,	528.
	McCulloch,	political	science,	520.
	"McFingal,"	Trumbull's,	5iO.
	MACHIAVKLLI,	romance,	223;	history.	224:
	"	Art	of	War,"	etc.,	225	;	"	The	Prince,	11
	229.
	MACIAS,	Portuguese	poet.-y,	350.
	Mclntosh,	Maria	J.,	fiction,	ctr..	533.
	Mackenzie,	"The	Man	01	Feeling,"	509.
	Macpherson,	Ossianic	poems,	4?4	;	"	Flngal,
	511.
	Macrobius,	philosophy,	177.
	Madison,	politics	and	hislrvy,	52$.
	VLscfiNAS,	literary	patronage,	150.


561
	Maerlant,	Flemish	translations,	448.	i	MELAJJCHTHON,	theology,	419.
	MAFKEI,SCIPIONE,	tragedy,	23S	;	history.	244	;	I	MELENDEZ,	founder	of	the	tchool	of	Sal*
	criticism,	246	;	philosophy,	247.
	Magazines.	American,	54S.
	"	Magnalia,"	Cotton	Mather's,	526.
	Magyars,	language	and	migrations	of	t;,
	359	;	modern	literature	of	the,	360.
	"	Mahabharata,"	the,	29.
	Maine	de	Byran,	philosophy,	298.
	MAIN	TENON,	Mme.	de,	letters,	285.
	MALUERBE,	poetry,	2(59.
	Malaspini,	"	History	of	Florence,"	201.
	MALKBRANCUE,	philosophy,	2->2.
	Mallory,	Sir	Thomas,
	Malthus,	"	Theory	of	Population,"	620.
	Mamiani,	philosophy,	2lS.
	Mandeville,	Sir	John,	travels,	4S3.
	Manetho,	history,	57,	01,	Io9,	111.
	Mann,	Horace,	education,	544.
	Manrique	the	younger,	poetry,	321.
	Manu,	Code	of,	85.
	MANUEL.	German	polemics,	419.
	MANUEL,	DON	JUAN,	apologues,	312.
	Manuel	de	Bocage,	Portuguese	poetry,	357.
	Manuel	do	Naclmento,	Portuguese	litera-
	ture,	357.
	Manuscripts	of	the	Old	Testament,	16;
	Egyptian,	57,	60.
	Maiiznni,	Tragedy,	240	;	hymns,	241	;	ro-
	mance,	243.
	Marchi,	military	construction,	229.
	Marcus	Aurelius,	stoic	pliilosophy,	114.
	Marenco,	tragedy,	240.
	MAROUEKITEDE	VALOIS,	L'Heptameron,	etc.,
	266.
	MAKIANA,	"	History	of	Spain,"	.341.
	Marie	of	France,	poetry,	430.
	MAKINI,	founder	of	the	Marinist	school	of
	poetry,	231.
	Marlowe,	tragedy,	etc.,	494.
	Marmontel,	romance,	etc.,	294.
	MARNIX	DB	ST.	ALGKGONDB,	Dutch	litera-
	ture,	453.
	Marsh,	George	P.,	"Lectures	on	the	English
	Language,"	5-43.
	MAROT,	poetry,	260.
	MARSHALL,	Chief	Justice,	529;	"Life	of
	Washington,"	ib.
	Martelli,	tragedy,	233.
	MARTIAL,	epigrams,	162.
	Martineau,	Miss,	stories,	522.
	"	Martinus	Scrihlerus,"	memoirs	of,	504.
	Marvell,	Andrew,	poetry,	500.
	Mascheroni,	didactic	poetry,	242.
	Massillon,	pulpit	eloquence,	280.
	Massinger,	drama,	496.
	Master-singers,	the,	4	1	5,	420,	423.
	Mathematics	at	Alexandria,	112.
	Mathematicians,	American,	r>46.
	MATHKR,	COTTON,	"	Magnalia,"	526.
	Mathews,	Cornelius,	fiction,	533.
	Maury,	L,	:	eut.,	wind	charts,	etc.,	547.
	"	Maxims,"	the,	of	Rochefoucauld,	2S2.
	Mayo,	fiction,	533.
	Mazzocchi,	archaeology,	235.
	manca,	344.
	Melodrama,	Italian,	'236.
	Melville,	fiction,	538.
	Memoirs,	French,	233.
	Mena,	Juan	de,	poetry,	321.
	MKNAXDKK,	comedy,	100.
	MKNDOZA,	DIKGO	DB,	poetry,	history,	eta,
	326,	337.
	MEXG-TSB,	philosophy,	52.
	Menzel,	literary	history,	etc.,	441.
	j	Menzini,	satire,	233
	Mort	Arthur,"	485.	i	"	Merlin,"	the	romance	of,	430.
	MBMCI,	DK',	COSMO,	210;	LORENZO,	211;	Leo-	!	MORE,	theology,	491.
	"	Merope,"	by	Maffei,	233.
	Mesrob,	Armenian	literature,	863.
	"	Metamorphoses,"	the,	of	Ovid,	151	;	of
	Apuleius,	177.
	MKTASTASIO,	melodrama,	236.
	Meteren,	Dutch	history,	453.
	Meun,	Jean	de,	trouvere,	261.
	"	Mexico,	Conquest	of,"	by	Solis,	842.
	Mezeray,	history,	263.
	Michael	Angelo,	poetry,	219.
	Michelet,	philosophical	history,	300.
	MIUKIEWICZ,	poetry,	379.
	Midgard	Serpent,	the,	3S4-6.
	Mignet,	philosophical	history,	300.
	Mill,	James,	logic,	etc.,	520,	524.
	MILTON,	prose,	492	;	poetry,	493.
	Mimes	and	mimographers,	Roman,	148.
	Minnesingers	the,	411.
	"	Minstrel,"	Beattie's,	511.
	Miracle	Plays,	English,	439.
	Mirghola,	Persian	history,	47.
	Mirkhond,	Persian	history,	47.
	Mitchell,	Donald	G.,	"	Reveries,"	542.
	Mitford,	Miss,	drama,	517;	fiction,	518.
	MOASI,	Persian	poetr*	44.
	Mochnaclii,	Polish	hfetory	and	literature,
	37l>.
	Mock	heroic	poetry,	Italian,	232,	242;
	French,	279.
	MOHAMMED,	the	religion	of,	185.
	Mohammed	All,	tichools	established	by,
	64.
	MOLIERE,	comedy,	277.
	Monstrelet,	Flemish	chronicles,	44b.
	MONTAIGNE,	"	Essays,"	267.
	Montecuccoli,	strategy,	229.
	MONTEMAVOR,	pastoral	romance.	837,	852.
	MONTESQUIEU,	Baron	de,	"Spirit	of	Laws,'	1
	etc.,	287.
	Montgomery,	poetry,	517.
	MONTI,	tragedy,	239	;	criticism	and	philolo-
	gy,	247.
	MOORE,	THOMAS,	poetry,	517.
	Moorish	ballads,	315.
	Moors,	the,	in	Spain,	306,	323.
	Moral	philosophy,	French,	281.
	Morales,	history,	341.
	Moralities,	the	dramatic	entertainments	ot,
	French,	2ft'J	;	English,	489.
	MORITIN	the	elder,	poetry,	etc.,	344,346
	the	younger,	drama,	345.
	pold,	227.
	Megaric	philosophers,	the,	113.
	"Mejaoun	and	Leila,	Misfortunes	of,"	42
	Uela,	Pompoaius,	geography,	174.
	MORE,	SIR	THOMAS,	"	Utopia,"	etc.,	487,	488
	Morris,	George	P.,	songs,	540.
	Moschus,	bucolic	poetry,	111.
	Mosheim,	'	Ecclesiastical	History,"	443.
	24*


562
	Lbl.LJ.Biii.
	MOTLRT,	"	History	of	the	Rise	of	the	Dutch
	nepublic."	633.
	Muo.arabes,	3	>9.
	Muller,	Danish	poetry,	39T.
	MuIK-r,	history	12.
	Muller,	K.	0.,	literary	history,	441.
	Milliner,	drama,	43).
	Merloni,	history,	244;	criticism,	246.
	>Kre,	Grecian	literature,	524.
	Murray,	Lindley,	English	Grammar,	630.
	Musaeus,	"	Hero	and	I.eander,"	119.
	Museum,	the,	of	Alexandria,	109.
	Music,	Greek,	7'J	;	Italian,	236.
	M'.isset,	A.	de	,	lyric	poeti	v,	303.
	'	.My	Prisons,"	by	Silvio	Pellico,	241
	My	,-tis,	a	Kceotian	poetess,	S3.
	.s,	the	dramatic	entertainments	of,
	French,	202	;	Spanish,	319	;	German,	416,
	424;	English.	439.
	Mvstics,	German,	before	the	Reformation,
	416.
	Mythology,	Slavic,	366;	Scandinavian,
	332	;	German,	406.	(See	Religion.)
	N.Evirs,	epic	poetry,	etc.,	131,186.
	'Napoleon,	inimical	to	literature,	269.
	Nardi,	history,	225.
	Narrative	poems,	Spanish,	333.
	N	luszeivicz,	history,	373.
	"Natuiul	History,"	by	Pliny,	173:	by
	Buffon,	293.
	"	Nature,	1	'	poem	on,	by	Parmenides,	86.
	"	Nature	of	Things,"	by	Lucretius,	14T.
	Naubert,	Benedicte,	romance	43s.
	Neander,	history	of	the	church,	443.
	Neul,	Joseph	C.,	"	Charcoal	Sketches,"	542.
	Necker,	morals,	295.
	Neoiesius,	"	Nature	of	Man,"	121.
	Necropoles,	Egyptian,	60.
	Neo-Platonism,	113.
	New	England,	early	literature	of,	526.
	New	Testament,	the,	Syriac	translation	of,
	21	;	character	and	structure	of,	120.
	Newman,	John,	"(	oncordance,'	1	526.
	Newspapers,	English,	523	;	American,	543.
	"	Nibelungen	Lied."	the,	132,	412.
	Nicholas,	the	Emperor,	Russian	literature
	under,	369.
	Nicolai,	Geman	criticism,	425.
	Nicole,	moral	philosophy,	&22.
	NICOLI.XI,	tragedy,	240.
	NUBCHK,	history,	443.
	NIKMCKWICZ,	poetry,	373.
	NIEL-WH.ND,	poetry,	and	mathematics,	453.
	"	Night	Thoughts,"	Voung's,	506.
	Nisa.d,	-iticistn,	301.
	Nizanii,	Persian	poetry,	44.
	Nouiz,	Dutch	drama,	407.
	Nonnus,	reviver	of	the	Greek	epos,	119.
	NuKDkSFLYCHT,	CHAiu-OTiK,	Swedish	poetry,
	899.
	Norman	French,	the,	English	literature	in,
	47.'.
	Norman	literature,	255.
	Normans,	the.	in	England,	463,	477.
	Norse	languages,	836
	North,	Christopher	Prof.	Wilson),	519.
	"	North	American	Review,"	the,	545.
	Northmen,	the,	in	France,	25s	;	their	char-
	acter	and	influence,	3s	L.
	Norwegian	language,	SSflL
	Nota,	Italian	comedy,	233.
	Notker	Teutonicus,	409.
	Novius,	romance,	etc.,	43',	487.
	Novels,	Italian,	20>,	223	;	Russian,	ST
	German,	423,	436	;	English,	469,	506,	50i
	518,	521.	(See	Romance,	and	Fiction.)
	Novum	Organum,	Bacon's,	49L
	Num,	the	Egyptian	deity,	62.
	Obelisks,	Egyptian,	61.
	OCCAM,	metaphysics,	4S2.
	"	Ode	to	God,"	Dershavin's,	363.
	Odin,	the	god,	3S3	;	the	descent	of,	3?9.
	Odyssey,	the,	73;	Pope's	translation	of,
	503;	Cowper's,	511.
	"	(Edipus	Tyrannus,"	by	Sophocles,	99.
	OKHLK.NSCHLAGKH,	poetry,	396.
	Oersted,	the	b.	others,	"Danish	literature,
	397-8.
	Old	Testament,	the,	11,	17;	manuscript*
	and	translations	of,	15	;	the	c\	'iragiut
	version	of,	111	;	Latin	version	o<,	by	St.
	Jerome,	173.
	Olympus,	70.
	Omar	Khiam,	Persian	poetry,	44.
	Opera,	Italian,	236;	French,	277.
	OPITZ,	poetry,	422,	423.
	O.ange,	William	I.,	Prince	of,	449.
	'	Orations,"	Cato's,	1S4.
	-""	Orator,"	Cicero's,	158.
	Oratory,	Athenian,	101	;	Roman,	IS*.	151
	Italian,	227;	Polish,	877;	Dutch,	459;
	Ame.ican,	52S,	53o.	(See	Eloquence).
	"	Oratory,	Institutes	of,"	by	QuintllsAn,
	163.
	0;igen,	Christian	philosophy,	121.
	"	Origins,	The,"	by	Cato	the	Censor,	139-
	"	Orlando	Furioso,"	214.
	"	Orlando	Innaniorato,"	214.
	ORLEANS,	Charles,	Uuke	of,	poetry,	264.
	Ormuzd,	the	Persian	principle	of	good,	f\.
	Orphic	doctrines	and	poems,	84.
	Oscans,	the,	124;	language	of,	125;	drai^a--
	tic	entertainments	of,	130.
	OSGOOD,	FRANCES	S.,	poetry,	541.
	Osiris,	the	Egyptian	god,	63.
	Ossian,	the	poems	of,	474.
	Otfried,	rhymed	Gospel	book,	409.
	Ottava	rima,	the,	209.
	Otway,	drama,	500.
	OVID,	poetry,	150	;	drama,	184.
	OVIKDO,	history,	327.
	OxrxsTJtRNA,	poetry,	399.
	PACDVIDS,	tragedy,	136.
	Paeans,	Greek,	72.
	Pagano,	Mario,	criminal	science,	835.
	Paine,	Thomas,	politic.-',	547.
	Palacky,	"	History	of	Bohemia,"	875.
	Palladio,	architecture,	229.
	Palmblad,	criticism,	novels,	etc.,	401.
	Pandects,	Justinian's,	179.
	Panslavism,	the	literature	of,	36V.
	Pantomime,	Roman,	144.
	Paper,	introduction	of,	by	the	Arabian?
	197.
	Papirian	code,	th?,	141.
	PapyVi,	Egyptian,	57,	60.
	Paracelsus,	mystic	philosophy,	421


INDEX.
	563
	Paradhs,	the	Mohammedan,	187.
	"Paradise	Lost,"	499;	supposed	founda-
	tion	of,	234
	PARIM,	lyric	p	retry,	241	;	satire,	242;	criti
	cisua,	247.
	Paris,	Matthew,	chronicles,	473.
	Parker,	Theodore,	theology,	544.
	Parmeuiles,	philosophy	and	poetry,	86.
	Parsea	language,	33	;	literature,	39	;	reli-
	gion,	40
	Parton,	American	biography,	534.
	PASCAL,	science	and	moral	philosophy.
	273.
	Passeroni,	mock	heroic	poetry,	212.
	"Pastor	Fido,"	Guariai's,	221.
	Pastoral	drama,	Italian,	221	;	poetry,	Alex-
	andrian,	110;	Spanish,	3iO;	Portuguese,
	868.
	PAT.VXJALI,	Hindu	philosophy,	33.
	P.'.terculus,	history,	165.
	Patrizi,	natural	philosophy,	229.
	Pauldiug,	fiction,	533.
	Puaau.as,	geography,	116.
	Payne,	Jo.m	Howard,	drama,	541.
	Pehlvic	language,	33;	literature,	39.
	Pelasgians,	the,	124.
	PKLLICO,	Silvio,	tragedy,	etc.,	240	;	songs,
	Peloponnesian	war,	ita	effects	on	Greek
	literature,	102.
	Percy's	"Reliques,"	509.
	PISKICL	s,	statesmanship,	91;	oratory,	101.
	Peripatetics,	the,	103.
	Perry's	'	Expedition	to	Japan,"	535.
	Persian	literature,	33.
	PKR.SUT-,	satire,	160.
	Perticari,	criticism,	247.
	"Peru,	Commentaries	on,"	by	Garcilasso
	de	la	Vega	312.
	Peter	the	Great,	literature	under,	337.
	Peter	Parley	(S.	G.	Goodrich),	534.
	"Peter	Schlemlhl,"	by	Cham	jiso,	437	;	by
	Wood,	533.
	Petofi,	Hungarian	poetry,	381.
	PKTKARCH,	205;	lyric	poetry,	206;	satire,
	Pfeitfur,	Ida,	travels,	445.
	PH.KDKUS,	fables,	100.
	"	Pharsalia,"	by	Lucan,	164.
	Phoenician	literature,	32.
	PBILETAS	OF	Co,	elegiac	poetry,	110.
	Philippics,	the,	of	Demosthenes,	104.
	Philology,	Italian,	217
	Philosophy,	Hebrew,	17	;	Hindu,	32,	35	;
	Persian,	47	;	Chinese,	51	;	Greek,	85,	105	;
	Alexandrian,	111	;	Roman,	153,	171,	177	;
	Arabian,	195	;	Italian,	.'29,	217	;	French,
	273,	231,	290,	301	;	German,	444;	English,
	491,	5;)8,	505,	5	)9,	520	;	Scottish,	510.
	PHRVSICHITS,	drama,	96.
	Phtha,	the	Egyptian	god,	62.
	Pichler,	Caroline,	"	Tales,"	438.
	Picodella	Mirandola,	Italian	literature,	212.
	"	Piers	Plowman,	the	Vision	of,"	433.
	Pike,	Zebulon,	American	topography,	531.
	PINDAR,	lyric	poetry,	83.
	PiNDEMONiK,	lyric	poetry,	241.
	Pinkney,	Lieut.,	travels,	531.
	PLATO,j>hiiosophy,	106.
	8,	comedy,	133
	"	Pleasures	of	Imagination,"	by	Altenslie,
	5U6.
	PLINY	the	elder,	natural	history,	173.
	PUNT	the	younger,	letters,	16J	;	his	dis-
	patch	about	the	Christians,	ib.
	PLOTARCH,	biography,	etc.,	116.
	POK,	EDGAR	A.,	tales,	537	;	poetry,	510.
	Poetry,	Hebrew,	12	;	Sanscrit,	27	;	modern
	Hindu,	32,	35	;	Persian,	42,	Chinese,	55	j
	Greek,	71	et	sej.	;	Alexandrian,	110;
	Roman,	129,	145,	176;	Arabian,	192;
	Italian,	2JJ,	212,	231,	236;	ProvenpaL,
	252	;	national	characteristics	of,	2uij	;
	French,	26J,	2o6,	276,	23;)	;	Spanish,	310,
	326,	433;	Portuguese,	34J	;	Hungarian,
	3ol;	Turkish,	36.!;	Russian,	363;	Ser-
	vian,	371	;	Polish,	377	et	seq.	;	Icelandic,
	or	Old	Norse,	33i"	;	Danish,	83J	et	mq.	;
	Swedish,	3J3	>-t	seq.	;	German,	411	;	cor-
	po.ations	of,	415;	the	true	sphere	of,
	435,	416;	Dutch	413,	452	et	aeq.;	English,
	4u9,	433,	433,	4J	J,	50S,	oil,	512.	5:iO,	521	;
	Erse	or	Gaelic,	474	;	Cymric,	475	;	Anglo-
	Saxon,	4T6	;	Scottish,	43t5	;	American,
	530,	539.
	Pol.sli	language	and	literature,	375.
	POLIZIANO,	drama,	213.
	Pollok's	"	Course	of	Time,"	517.
	POLYBIDS,	history,	115.
	Polycarp,	early	Christian	literature,	120.
	"	i'oly-O.bion,"	Drayton's,	4J3.
	Poiuponius,	Roman	law,	141.
	Poor,	lyr.c	poetry,	456.
	POPK,	poetry,	503.
	Port	Royalists,	the,	274.
	Porta,	Luigi	d.i,	'	Giuiietta,"	223.
	Portuguese	literature,	313.
	"	I'os	live	Philosophy,"	Comte's,	301.
	Potocki,	the	brothers,	Pdpsh	literature,	878.
	Prentice,	George	U	,	541,	543.
	PHESCOTI-,	history,	5*3.
	Priestley,	Joseph,	547.
	l	j	salmi,	t.'ie,	13.
	'	Prince,"	tiie,	of	Machiavelli,	229.
	Printing,	effect	of	the	invention	of,	41T	;
	claimed	by	Holland,	449	;	its	introduc-
	tion	into	England,	435.
	Procter	(Barry	Cornwall),	poetry,	517.
	PBDPBRim-,	elegy,	150.
	Prophets,	the	Hebrew,	14.
	Provencal	language,	250	;	literature,	258'
	in	lialy,	200;	in	Spain,	309,	320;	In
	Portugal,	349
	Proverbs,	Spanish,	342.
	"Provincial	Letters,"	Pascal's,	274.
	Prudentius,	hymns,	176.
	Pryor,	poetry,	502.
	Ptolemies,	the,	04,	109.
	Ptolemy	Soter,	history,	111.
	1'iMLKJir,	astronomy	and	geography,	116.
	Pulci,	"	Morgante	Maggiore,"	213.
	Puranas,	the,	27.
	Puritans	of	New	England,	literature	cf	tte
	526.
	POSHKIK,	Russian	poetry,	370.
	Pyramids,	the	Egyptian,	60.
	Pyrrhon,	philosophy,	113.
	PYTHAGORAS,	philosophy,	87.
	Quarles,	"	Divine	Emblems,"	493.


S64
	iosvEDO,	poetry,	theology,	etc.,	840.
	Quinault,	opera,	277.
	Quiutuua,	poetry,	345.
	yuiNfiLi-is,	rhetoric,	168.
	Rabbinical	literature,	IS.
	RABKLAI.*,	FRANCIS,	humor,	267.
	Kabener,	satire,	42	X
	RACINK,	tragedy,	etc	,	276.
	RAONUR	LUUBKOK.,	the	Danish	scald,	890.
	Ruhbek,	Danish	literature,	395.
	Rahel	Varnhagen	von	Ense,	roraaace,	433.
	Raleigh,	Sir	Walter,	history,	41)2.
	"	Ralph	Roister	Doister,"	the	comedy	of,
	4i)i.
	"	Ramayana,"	the,	29.
	RAUBUUILLKT,	Mme.	de,	270.
	Rainier,	poetry,	425.
	Ramon	de	la	Cruz,	drama,	34ri.
	Ramsay,	David,	American	history,	531.
	Ranke,	history,	443.
	"	Rape	of	the	Bucket,"	by	Tassoni,	232.
	'	Rape	of	the	Lock,"	by	Pope,	5^3.
	Raumer,	history,	443.
	Rauouch,	drama,	435.
	RAy.NiL,	ABBE,	history,	294.
	Reiii,	natural	philosophy,	etc.,	220	;	letters.
	234.
	REID,	THOMAS,	philosophy,	510.
	Redondiilas,	or	roundelays,	Spanish,	314.
	Reformation,	the,	2ti6	;	in	Spain,	324	;	Ger-
	man	literature	of,	417	;	in	Holland,	449;
	English	literature	in	the	age	of,	4s7.
	Reimarius,	theology,	443.
	Reiuhard,	sermons,	44	>.
	Religion,	Hebrew,	12;	Hindu,	25;	ancient
	Persian,	4	j	;	Chinese,	51	;	Egyptian,	02;
	Ureek,	BJ	;	Roman,	127	;	Arabian,	12s.
	(See	Mythology.)
	Renaissance,	the,	265.
	"	Republic,"	Plato's,	17.
	Reviews,	English,	47o,	513;	American,	543.
	Revolution,	the	French,	literature	during,
	29J	;	American,	527	et	*/.
	Rey	of	Naglowic,	poetry,	3Y7.
	"	Reynard	the	Fox,"	the	fable	of,	417.
	Rhapsodists,	(Ireek,	72,	74,	75.
	Rhetoric,	Ureek,	1	2;	Roman,	168;	Ara-
	bian,	192;	Italian,	227;	Dutch	Chambers,
	of,	443.
	Rhyme,	the	first	use	of,	in	European	poetry
	25).
	RIBETRO,	poetry,	351.
	Ricardo,	political	science,	52	'.
	Richard	Coeur	de	Lion	as	a	troubadour,	256.
	RIC.UKK	JKAS	PAUL,	novels,	42i>.
	Richardson,	novels,	5.'6.
	Ridley,	theology,	433.
	RINUCCINI,	melodrama,	236.
	Ripley,	George,	criticism,	542.
	Ritter,	Carl,	geography,	442.
	"	Robbers,"	Schiller's,	429,	434.
	Robert,	of	Gloucester,	chronicles,	431.
	ROBKKTSO::,	history,	5J3.
	Robinson,	Mrs.,	517.
	XOCHEFOCCAULD,	Duke	de,	moral	philosophy
	and	history,	2S1.
	Roderic,	Don,	the	chronicle	of,	317.
	Rogers,	Samuel,	poetrv,	517.
	ttollin,	"	Aucieut	History,"	283.
	Romagnosl,	philosophy,	247.
	"	Roman	Archeology,"	by	Dionyslus	ot
	Halicarnasus,	115.
	Roman	literature,	introduction,	122	;	front
	the	first	Punic	war	to	the	age	of	Cicero,
	122	;	to	the	death	of	Augustus,	143	;	to	the
	close	of	the	reign	of	Theodoric,	159.
	Romance,	the	first,	at	Alexandria,	113;	Ita-
	lian,	243;	French,	234,	8,"3;	Spanish,	313,
	334	;	Swedish,	4	'2	;	German,	436	;	Dutch,
	453.	(See	Novels,	Fiction,	Chivalry,	and
	Arthur.)
	Romance	language,	the,	250.
	"	Romance	of	the	Rose,"	261.
	Romans,	of	origin	the,	125;	compared	with
	the	Greeks,	129.	135;	in	Britain,	462.
	Romantic	school,	the	French,	26	>,	3o2	;	the
	German,	431.
	Rome,	Greek	literature	in,	114,	123,	143	;	de-
	praved	state	of,	in	the	first	century,	161.
	ROSSARD,	poetry,	208.
	Roscoinmon,	Lord,	poetry,	SOL
	Rosetta	stone,	the,	69.
	Rosini.	romance,	243.
	ROSMIXI,	philosophy,	243.
	Rossi,	Gherardo	de',	comedy,	238.
	Roswitha,	drama,	410.
	Rotgans,	poetry,	455.
	Roumi,	Persian	poetry,	45.
	Round	table.	See	Arthur.
	Rousseau,	Jean	Baptiste,	lyric	poetry,	236.
	ROUSSEAU,	JEAN	JACQUES,	21)2.
	Rovani,	romance,	243.
	Rowson,	Susanna,	"	Charlotte	Temple,"	54T.
	Royer-Collard,	philosophy,	293.
	Rucellai,	drama,	220	;	didactic	poetry,	223,
	Ruckert,	lyric	poetry,	432.
	RUDEL,	GKOFKRUY,	troubadour,	256
	RUEDA,	LOPE	DE,	founder	of	the	Spanish	thai
	atre.	823.
	Ruiz,	JUAN,	poetry,	313.
	Rumford,	Count,	science,	531,	515,
	RUNKBERB.	Swedish	poetry,	402.
	Runes	and	rune	songs,	333.
	Russian	language	and	literature,	366.
	Rybinski,	poetry,	377.
	SAA	DE	MIRAXDA,	pastoral	poetry,	351	:	,n>
	edy,	355.
	Saad-ed-Din,	Turkish	history,	362.
	Sabeism,	or	star-worship,	134.
	Sabines,	the,	124.
	Sacchetti,	Franco,	"Novels	and	Tales,"	209
	SACHS,	HANS,	the	master-singer,	420.
	SackvDle,	Thomas,"	Mirror	for	Magistrates/
	489.
	SADI,	Persian	poetry,	44.
	Sagas,	the,	of	Scandinavia,	182,	891.
	Ste.	Beuve,	criticism,	3J1	;	lyric	poetry,	908
	St.	I'ierre,	Bern	i.	!ia	de,	romance	and	fablQ
	29-X
	St.	Simon,	Duke	de,	memoirs,	2S3.
	Sakuntala,	the,	32.
	Salamanca,	the	literary	school	of,	844.
	SALLUST,	history,	156.
	SALMASIUS.	defence	of	Charles	I.,	452.
	Salviati,	comedy,	220	;	grammar,	226.
	Salvator	Rosa,	satire,	233.
	SAMUEL	TUB	WISE,	the	poetic	Edda,	837
	Sanconiathon,	Phoenician	history,	22.


INDEX.
	566
	Sandoval,	"	History	of	Spain,"	841.
	Sandys,	George,	Ovid's	"	Metamorphoses,"
	626.
	Ban	Graal,	or	Saint	Graul,	tradition	and	ro-
	mance	of	the,	412,	480.
	BANNAZZARO,	"	Arcadia,"	221.
	Sanscrit	literature,	23.
	BANTILLANA,	Marquis	of,	poetry,	821.
	BASTOB,	Rabbi,	Spanish	poetry,	818.
	BAPPUO,	lyric	poetry,	80.
	Barpi.	history,	233.
	Satire,	Koraan,	129,	137,	160	;	Italian,	222	;
	233,	242;	French,	279;	Spanish,	840;
	German,	420.
	Saturnian	verse,	126.
	"	Saul,"	by	Alfieri,	239.
	Saurln,	sermons,	281.
	Savonarola,	oratory,	227.
	Baxo	Grammaticus,	Danish	chronicles,	893.
	M	Saxon	Chronicle,"	the,	477.
	Saxonic	schools	of	German	poetry,	424,	425.
	Scalds,	the	Scandinavian,	182,	890.
	Scaligers,	the,	classics,	etc.,	451.
	Scamozzi,	architecture,	229.
	Scarron,	burlesque,	269.
	Schatlarik,	Slavic	literature,	875.
	Scheele,	chemistry,	4u8.
	SCHELUNG,	philosophy,	444.
	SCHILLKB,	poetry,	429	;	drama,	434	;	letters,
	439.
	SCHLEGEL,	AUGUSTUS	and	FRIEDRICH,	poetry,
	criticism,	etc.,	431,	440.
	Bchlegel,	John	Ellas,	drama,	425.
	Schleiermacher,	theology,	443.
	Schlosser,	liistory,	442,	443.
	Schoolcraii,	Henry	li.,	American	Indians,
	5*3	;	tr\	els,	534.
	Schubart,	poetry,	430.
	Echwab,	pot	try,	432.
	Science,	llin	lu.	32;	Chinese,	54;	Egyptian,
	C3	:	Alexandrian,	112	;	Roman,	173	;	Ara-
	bian,	196	;	Italian,	227	;	French,	'293,	801	;
	Polish,	877;	German,	445;	English,	624;
	American	545.
	Scolia,	Greek.	81.
	Scotland,	ancient	literature	of,	474,	4S5.
	Scott,	MicKae),	"the	wizard,"	478,	485.
	SCOTT,	SIR	WALTER,	poetry,	513	;	novels,	518.
	Scribe,	vaudeville,	305.
	Scriptures.	Jee	Bible	and	Old	Testament.
	SCCDERY,	ML>-.	DK,	romance,	270.
	"	Seasons,"	T>	icmson's,	507.
	Sedgwick,	Catherine	M.,	535	;	tales,	638.
	SEQURA,	JLAN	IOHENZO,	poetry,	312.
	SENECA,	puiiosov-hy,	172;	the	tragedies	at-
	tributed	to,	l&J.
	SENECA	the	rneto/ician,	168.
	Beptuagint,	the,	IS,	109,	111.
	"Sepulchres,"	the,	of	Pindemonte	and	of
	Foscolo,	241.
	Servian	language	and	literature,	871.
	Seven	sages,	the,	of	Greece,	85.
	SKVIQSE,	Mme.	de,	letters,	270,	284.
	Shaftesbury,	Lord,	ethics,	654.
	"	Shah	Nameh,"	the	Persian	poem	of,	43.
	SHAKSPBARE,	498	et	seq.
	SHELLEY,	poetry,	516	;	Mrs.,	fiction,	513.
	Sheridan,	comedy,	610.
	Shirley,	tframa,	496.
	Sbukofrky,	Russian	poetry.	869.
	SIDNEY,	SIR	PHILIP,	poetry,	492.
	Sigourney,	Lydia	H.,	539	;	poetry,	641.
	Silesian	schools	of	German	literature,	428.
	SILIUS	ITALICUS,	poem	of	"	Puaica,"	166.
	Silver	age,	the,	of	Rome,	124.
	Simeon	of	Polotzk,	tragedy,	867.
	SIMMS,	WILLIAM	GILMOKE,	romance,	687
	poetry,	541.
	SpiONiDBS,	elegy,	76	;	epigram,	77	;	lyrics,	82,
	Sismondi,	philosophical	history,	300	;	literary
	history,	801.
	Siva,	the	Hindu	god,	26
	SKKLTON,	satirical	poery,	488
	Skepticism,	French,	in	the	16th	century,
	267	;	In	the	18th,	285.
	Slavic	literatures,	865	;	race,	ib.	\	language*
	and	mythology,	866.
	Smith,	Adam,	"	Wealth	of	Nations,"	510.
	Smith,	Elizabeth	Oakes,	"Sinless	Child,"
	641.
	Smith,	Seba,	"Jack	Downing,"	etc.,	542.
	SNORRK	STURLKSON,	prose	Edda,	890	;
	"	Heimskringla."	891.
	SOCRATKS	and	the	Socratic	schools,	105.
	"Sofonisba,"	Trissino's	tragedy	of,	220.
	Solis,	"	Conquest	of	Mexico,"	842.
	Solon,	elegy,	77.
	Songs,	ante-Homeric,	71	;	Russian,	870	;	Ser-
	vian,	372	;	of	the	minnesingers,	411	;	of
	Burns,	511.	(See	Lyric	Poetry.)
	"	Song	of	the	Bell,"	Schiller's,	429.
	Sophists,	the,	102.
	SOPHOCLES,	tragsdy,	98.
	Sordello,	troubadour,	256.
	"	Sorrows	of	Werther,"	by	Goethe,	428
	South,	theology,	499.
	Southerne,	drama,	501.
	SODTHEY,	ROBERT,	poetry,	612.
	Souza,	Portuguese	sonnets,	357.
	Spain,	Arabian	schools	and	literature	In,
	191	;	history	of,	by	Mariana,	341	;	recent
	and	present	state	of	literature	in,	346.
	Spallanzani,	natural	philosophy,	235.
	Spanish	literature,	introduction,	86	;	from
	1200	to	1500,	810	;	Italian	Influence	on,
	321,	326;	under	the	domination	of	the
	Austrian	family,	823	;	effect	of	intole-
	rance	on,	ib.	;	under	the	Bourbons,	848	;
	French	influence	on,	ib.;	in	the	18th	cen-
	tury,	ib.	;	In	the	19th,	346.
	Sparks,	Jared,	American	biography,	534.
	"Spectator,"	Van	Effin's,	457;	Addison's,
	504.
	Spegel,	Swedish	psalms,	398.
	SPENSER,	"	Faerie	Queene,"	etc.,	496.
	Speroni,	drama,	220	;	oratory,	227	;	moral
	philosophy,	229.
	Spieghel,	Dutch	poetry,	463.
	SPINOZA,	philosophy,	452.
	Spolverini,	didactic	poetry,	242.
	Sprekers,	early	Dutch	poets,	448.
	Squier,	E.	G.,	American	antiquities,	586.
	STAEL,	MME.	DE,	296.
	Stagnelius,	Swedish	poetry,	402.
	STATIUS,	comedy,	134.
	STATIDS,	P.,	epic	poetry,	165.
	Stephens,	John	L.,	travels,	536.
	STESICHORCS,	lyric	poetry,	82.
	Stewart,	Dugald,	philosophy,	520.
	STJBRNHJBLM,	poetry,	etc.,	898.


566
	rSTDEX.
	Stoics,	the,	11?.
	Stoke,	Melts,	"	Chronicle	of	Holland,"	448.
	STOWK,	HARRIET	BEECHER,	535	;	"	Uncle
	Tom's	Cabin,"	533.
	STRABO,	geography,	J	16.
	STRAPPAROLA,	fairv	tales,	223.
	^.	'	Life	of	Jesus,"	413-4.
	Styl.	Dutch	history,	45S.
	Suabian	age,	the,	of	German	literature,	410	;
	school	of	poetry,	432
	Sublime,	the,	Longinus	on,	114.
	"	Sublime	and	Beautiful,"	Burke	on	the,
	510	;	essays	on	the,	520.
	SCE,	ECGESK.	novels,	304.
	l	rs,	biography,	167.
	Sufis,	the.	41.
	Sully,	Duke	of,	memoirs,	233.
	Sulpiciut.	Severus,	history,	176.
	Sumarokof,	Russian	literature,	363.
	SORRKT,	Earl	of.	poetry,	i-.?.
	"	Sweden,	Chronicles	of,"	by	Geijer,	401.
	Swedenborg,	theology	and	science,	403.
	Swedish	literature,	393;	the	Phosphoric
	and	Gothic	schools	of,	401.
	SWIFT,	satire,	etc.,	504
	Swiss	school	of	German	poetry,	424,	425.
	Symmachus,	oratory,	17i5.
	Synesius,	epistles,	etc.,	121.
	Szegligeti,	Hungarian	drama,	361.
	Szymonowicz,	Simon,	Polish	poetry,	37T.
	TACITUS,	history,	166.
	Tales,	Arabian,	194	;	Spanish,	367.
	Talmud,	the,	19.
	Tao,	religion	of	the,	.'	2.
	Tappan,	Dr.,	philosophy,	545.
	TASSO,	TORQUATO,	"Jerusalem	DeliTared,"
	216;	dramas,	220;	"	Aminta,"	231	;	let-
	ters,	227	;	moral	philosophy,	229.
	"	Tasso,"	Goethe's	drama	of,	453.
	TA#S''NI,	mock	heroic	poetry,	232.
	"	Tatler,"	the,	504.
	Tauler,	"	German	Theology,"	41T.
	Taylor,	Henry,	drama,	etc.,	521.
	Taylor,	Jeremy,	theology,	491.
	.	poetry,	401.
	Telesio,	philosophy,	229.
	Temple,	Sir	\Villiam,	essays,	500.
	Ten	Kate,	grammar,	etc.,	457.
	TEXXYSON,	poetry-,	521,
	TKRKSCE,	comedy,	134.
	TERPAXDER,	music,	79.
	Tcrtullian,	apology	for	the	Christian!,	178.
	Terza	rima,	the,	205.
	Teutonic,	languages,	403.
	THACKKRAY,	novels,	522.
	Thales	of	Miletus,	philosophy	85.
	Theatres,	Greek,	97	;	Spanish,	833,	845.
	THEOCRITUS,	bucolic	poetry,	110.
	Theodosius,	Code	of,	179.
	"	Theogony,"	the,	of	Hesiod,	75.
	Theology,	German,	443;	English,	483,	490,
	499,	505;	American,	529,	530,	544.
	Tbeon,	the	father	of	Uypatia,	118.
	THESPIS,	drama,	98.
	Thierry,	philosophical	history,	800.
	Thiers,	philosophical	hUtory,	300.
	Thirty	Years'	War,	disastrous	effect!	of	th
	422.
	Tholuck,	theology,	443.
	Thomasius,	philosophy,	etc.,	423.
	Thompson,	Benjamin	(Count	Rumford)
	science,	531,	545.
	THOMSON,	"	Seasons,"	etc.,	507.
	Thor,	the	Scandinavian	god,	883.
	Thoreau,	Henry	D.,	542.
	Thorpe,	T.	B.,	543.
	Thorild,	Swedish	poetry,	400.
	Threnoi,	Greek,	72.
	TIICCVDIDKS,	h'utory,	104.
	TIBDJ.LOS,	elegy,	150.
	Ticknor's	"History	of	Spanish	Literatu-e,"
	533.
	TIECK,	poetry,	fairy	tale*,	etc.,	431,	437.
	Tillotson,	theology,	499.
	Timocreon,	lyric	poetry,	82	;	epigram	on,
	77.
	TIRABOSCHI,	literary	history,	246.
	Togray,	Persian	poetry.	44.
	Tollens,	poetry	and	romance,	460.
	Tommaseo,	philology,	247.
	Torricelli,	inventor	of	the	barometer,	223.
	Torti,	lyric	poetry,	241.
	Tragedy,	Greek,	origin	of,	95;	character
	of,	96	;	Roman,	134	;	Italian,	238	;	French,
	269,	27i'.,	239	See	Drama.)
	Trajan,	Roman	literature	in	the	time	of,
	16<J;	his	letter	to	I'Uny	about	the	Chris-
	tians,	171.
	Travels,	German,	445	;	American,	531,	584
	Trent,	Sarpi's	history	of	the	Council	of,	284.
	Triads,	the	Welsh,	475.
	Tribonian,	jurisprudence,	179.
	TRISSISO,	drama,	220.
	Trollope,	Mrs.,	novels,	522.
	Troubadours,	the,	252	;	in	Spain,	320	;	ori/ta
	of	their	ballad	metre,	127.
	Trouveres,	the,	253.
	TRCMBULL,	JOHN,	poetry,	530.
	Tuckerman,	Henry	T.,	poetry,	540;	critt
	cism,	542.
	"	Tusculan	Disputations,"	Cicero's,	154,
	Twelve	tables,	laws	of	the,	126,	142.
	TTCHO	BRAHK,	astronomy,	393.
	Tyndale,	translations	of	Scripture,	487.
	TrRT^cs,	elegy,	75.
	Udall,	Nicholas,	comedy,	490.
	Uhland,	ballad	poetry,	432.
	ULPHILAS,	Moeso-Gothic	version	of	the	Bi-
	ble,	403.
	Urabrians,	the,	124;	language	of,	125.
	'	Undine,"	by	La	Motte	Foque,	437.
	United	Provinces,	Republic	of	the,	449,
	453.
	United	States,	the.	growth	and	develop-
	ment	of,	532	;	foreign	writers	in,	547.
	(See	American	Literature.)
	Universities,	ItaUan,	226;	German,	417
	413	;	Dutch,	449.
	"	Utopia,"	by	Sir	Thomas	More,	437.
	VALKKIUS	MAXIMCS,	"Memorable	Sayings
	and	Deeds,"	163.
	Valhalla,	the	residence	of	Odin,	3S4.
	Valkyrior,	virgins	at	Scandinavian	My
	thology,	334.


INDEX.
	567
	Vallenhoren,	poetry,	456.
	Valmiki,	the	"	Ramayana,"	29.
	Van	Alphen,	poetry,	458.
	VAX	D.'.R	PALM,	orations,	Biblical	transla-
	tions,	etc.,	459.
	VAX	EFFKX,	"	Spectator,"	457.
	VAN	HAKES,	OxxoZwiER,	tragedy,	etc.,	456.
	VAX	HARES,	WILLIAM,	epic,	5.
	Van	Hoevell,	slavery,	460.
	Van	Kampen,	history,	4tiO.
	Van	Lenaep,	Jan,	romance,	460.
	VAN	M	.KK.-.X,	Madame,	tragedy,	etc.,	457.
	VAX	WIXTKR,	tragedy,	457.
	Varnhagen	TOD	Ense,	biography,	438.
	Varro,	miscellaneous,	189.
	Vasari,	history	cf	artists,	226.
	Vedanta,	philosophy	of	the,	83.
	Vedas,	the,	2T.
	VKOA,	LOPK	DK,	drama,	329.
	VEIKA,	defence	of	Indians	and	Jews,	856.
	Verri,	Alexander,	romance,	243.
	V'ettori,	rhetoric,	221.
	VICKXTE,	G:L.,	Portuguese	drama,	366.
	Vico,	philosophy	of	history,	244.
	Vignola,	architecture,	229.
	Villani,	the,	Florentine	historians,	209.
	VrLLE-HARDonx	chronicles,	258,	264.
	VTilemain	history,	300	;	criticism,	301.
	Villei;a,	Marquis	of,	"	Labors	of	Hercules,"
	etc.,	821.
	Villon,	poetry,	264.
	Vinet,	criticism,	301,
	VIKGH,,	epic	poetry,	145;	didactic	poetry,
	Visscher,	Dutch	poetry,	4>3.
	Vitalis,	Swedish	poetry,	402.
	ViTRCvrus,	architecture,	159.
	Vladimir	the	Great	of	Russia,	867.
	Voitnre,	poetry.	^09
	Voland,	the	northern	Vulcan,	8S9.
	fOLTAiKK,	skeptical	philosophy,	history
	tragedy,	etc	,	2S8.
	VOXDKL,	poetry	and	drama,	454.
	Von	Wisin,	Russian	drama,	368.
	Vossius,	the	Dutch	family	of,	451.
	Vulgate,	the,	18.
	Vyasa,	the	compiler	of	the	Vedas,	27.
	Wace,	"	Brut	d'Angleterre,"	479.
	Wagenaar,	history,	457.
	"	Wallace,"	by	Blind	Harry,	486.
	Wallenberg,	Swedish	poetry,	400.
	Waller,	poetry,	493.
	Wallin,	Archbishop,	Swedish	poetry,	401.
	Walpole,	"	Lettera,"	509.
	Walter	of	the	Vogel	Weide,	minnesinger,
	Walton,	Izaak,	biography	and	"	Angling,"
	500.
	We!by,	Amelia	B.,	poetry,	641.
	Weilekens,	Dutch	poetry,	455.
	Welsh	literature,	475.
	WKRSSR,	drama,	435.
	Whately,	Archbishop,	logic,	624.
	Whewell,	science	and	logic,	524.
	Wbeaton,	international	law,	545.
	Whippte,	E.	P.,	criticism,	etc.,	643.
	White,	Kirk,	poetry,	517.
	White,	Richard	Grant,	commentaries	on
	Shakspeare,	542.
	WlCKLIFFK,	JOHX,	482.
	Whittier,	John	G.,	poetry,	540.
	WIELASD,	romance	and	poetry,	426.
	"	Wilhelm	Heister's	Apprenticeship,"	436.
	Wilkes's	"	U.	S.	Exploring	Expedition,"	535.
	William	I.,	Prince	of	Orange,	449.
	William	of	Malmesbury,	chronicles,	478.
	WILLIS,	N.	P.,	tales	and	sketches,	535,	587
	Soetry,	040.
	son,	Alexander,	American	ornithology,
	WILSON,	Professor,	poetry,	616;	fiction,	618;
	magazine	writing,	519.
	Wilson,	Thomas,	logic	and	rhetoric,	488.
	Winckelmann,	art	criticism,	489.
	WIRT,	WILLIAM,	biography,	etc.,	681.
	Wise'ius,	Dutch	tragedy,	etc.,	460.
	Witchcraft	in	Germany,	421.
	Witherspoon,	John,	religion	and	politics
	647.
	Wolf,	philosophy,	423.
	Wolff,	Elizabeth	Bekker,	romance,	468.
	Wolfram	of	Eschenbach,	minnesicger,	411,
	412
	Wood,	George,	"	Peter	Schlemihl,"	538.
	Worcester's	Dictionary,	648.
	WORDSWORTH,	poetry,	515.
	"	Works	and	Days,"	He	.iod's,	75.
	Writing,	Hebrew,	10	;	'Chinese,	50;	Egyp-
	tian,	53.
	Wyntoun,	Andrew,	"Original	Croeykil,"
	486.
	XEXOPHAXSS,	Eleatic	school	of	philosophy
	86.
	XKXOPHON,	history,	105.
	Yggdrasil,	the	Scandinavian	tree	of	life,
	8S4.
	Ymer,	the	progenitor	of	the	Scandinavian
	gods,	882.
	Young,	"	Night	Thoughts,"	606.
	"	Yussuf	and	Zuieika,	Loves	of,"	43.
	Zachariae,	poetry,	425.
	Zaluskl,	Polish	literature,	873.
	Zendaresta,	the,	40,
	Zendic	language,	38	;	literature,	89.
	Zeno	Apostolo,	melodrama,	236	;	crlU:Iem,
	246.
	Zeno	of	Elea,	philosophy,	86.
	Zeno	the	Stoic,	118.
	Zeus,	the	chief	of	the	Greek	gods,	70.
	ZOROASTER,	reformer	of	the	religion	of	the
	magi,	40.
	Zurita,	"	Annals	of	Aragon,"	841.
	Zenodotua,	grammar,	111.
	ZscnoKKE,	fiction,	433.
	ZWLSGLB,	theology,	419.


LIST	OF	ILLUSTRATIONS
	"	Now	WON'T	YOU	COME	UP	AND	TAKE	TEA	?	'	"
	Frontispiece
	"	'	I	ORDERED	HIM	TO	PUT	IT	INTO	THE	CARRIAGE	'	"	44
	MARY	CHAWORTH	205
	Miss	FANNY	KEMBLE	228
	THE	DUCHESS	OF	RUTLAND	254
	THE	DUCHESS	OF	YORK.	.	.	.	288


224
	Roberts:	I	certainly	did.	I	m	surprised	it	hasn	t	come	up	more.	I	know
	it	s	come	up	with	PDSP	and	the	lunches	that	were	important.	But
	what	I	had	neglected	to	mention	has	been	the	trend	in	my	life
	that	food	has	played,	both	in	my	family	and	for	me	personally,
	for	my	marriage,	for	my	kids.	I	enjoy	cooking	very	much.	In
	fact,	my	son	Mark	called	from	Hawaii.	He	and	his	wife	are	going
	through	a	divorce	right	now	and	he	said	something	about	taking
	his--
	O	Hara:	You	mean	Ron?
	Roberts:	No,	I	mean	Mark.	Mark	and	Elizabeth	haveElizabeth	s	bought
	herself	a	house	and	they	re	separated	right	now.	They	still	like
	each	other	a	lot	and	they	spend	time	together	but	they	each	have
	their	separate	houses.	Mark	said	how	much	he,	well,	he	takes	his
	sorrow	to	the	kitchen.	And	I	had	caught	myself	doing	that.	I
	take	my	depressions	to	the	kitchen	and	I	work	through	a
	complicated	recipe	and	when	I	m	through--!	did	a	lot	of	this
	after	Randy	was	killedand	I	would	make	some	complex	dishes,	get
	very	tired,	and	maybe	cry,	but	come	through	with	something	very
	good	to	eat.	This	has	been	an	important	trend	in	my	life.	I
	have	a	wonderful	collection	of	cookbooks.
	I	have	many	people	who	stayed	at	the	green	house,	young
	women	who	came	and	did	attendant	work	and	who	ve	grown	up	to	be
	wonderful	cooks	who	cooked	some	of	their	first	food	in	my	kitchen
	or	watching	me.	Phyllis	Birnbaum	in	Boston	who	now	makes	the
	most	wonderful	bread	and	she	s	now	in	Japan	and	she	s	a	wonderful
	cook.	We	exchange	cookbooks	as	presents	and	talk	about	food	and
	her	husband,	Ashok,	makes	wonderful	cakes.	And	she	hadn	t	paid
	much	attention	to	food.	Her	mother	ate	a	lot	and	was	very	heavy
	and	it	was	a	problem.
	But	through	the	years,	I	remember	one	of	my	first,	I	think	I
	made	cream	of	wheat	when	I	was	very	young,	maybe	four	years	old.
	I	think	my	mother	was	sick	and	I	stood	up	on	a	chair	and	made
	some	cream	of	wheat	for	my	breakfast.
	Another	time	when	I	was	first	doing	housework	and	working	my
	way	through	high	school	and	living	in	people	s	homes,	I	remember
	looking	in	this	refrigerator	and	thinking,	Now	if	I	take	this	and
	that	and	take	these	leftovers,	I	can	make	something.	And	it
	turned	out	to	be	tasty,	luckily	for	me	and	for	everybody	else.
	And	I	just	loved	that	experience	of	combining	leftovers.	I	still
	get	a	kick	out	of	that.
	But	I	also	like	learning	to	eat	foods	in	different
	countries.	It	s	meant	traveling	has	been	exciting,	like	going	to
	Japan.	But	I	knew	something	about	Japanese	food	before	I	went


POETRY	&	LIFE	SERIES
	General	Editor:
	WILLIAM	HENRY	HUDSON
	1.	KEATS	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	W.	H.	Hudson
	2.	JOHNSON	AND	GOLDSMITH	AND	THEIR	POETRY
	By	W.	H.	Hudson
	3.	GRAY	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	W.	H.	Hudson
	4.	SHELLEY	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	E.	W.	Edmunds,	M.A.
	5.	COLERIDGE	AND	HIS	POETRY
	By	Kathleen	E.	Royds
	6.	MATTHEW	ARNOLD	AND	HIS	POETRY
	By	Francis	Bickley
	7.	LOWELL	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	W.	H.	Hudson
	8.	BURNS	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	H.	A.	Kellow,	M.A.
	9.	SPENSER	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	S.	E,	Winbolt,	M.A.
	10.	MRS	BROWNING	AND	HER	POETRY
	By	Kathleen	E.	Royds
	11.	MILTON	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	W.	H.	Hudson
	12.	SCOTT	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	A.	E.	Morgan,	B.A,
	13.	ELIZABETHAN	LYRISTS	AND	THEIR	POETRY
	By	Amy	Cruse
	14.	TENNYSON	AND	HIS	POETRY
	By	R.	Brimley	Johnson,	B.A.
	15.	BYRON	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	William	Dick,	M.A.
	16.	LONGFELLOW	AND	HIS	POETRY
	By	OUphant	Smeaton,	M.A.,	F.S.A.
	17.	POE	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	Lewis	N.	Chase
	18.	HORACE	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	J.	B.	Chapman,	M.A.
	19.	POPE	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	E.	W.	Edmunds,	M.A.
	20.	BROWNING	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	Ernest	Rhys
	21.	WORDSWORTH	AND	HIS	POETRY
	By	W.	H.	Hudson
	22.	SCHILLER	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	W.	H.	Hudson
	23.	ROSSETTI	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	Mrs	F.	S.	Boas
	24.	COWPER	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	James	A.	Roy
	2S	MARLOWE	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	John	H.	Ingram
	26.	CHAUCER	AND	HIS	POETRY
	By	E.	W.	Edmunds,	M.A.
	37.	WALT	WHITMAN	AND	HIS	POETRY
	By	H.	B.	Binns
	28.	CHATTERTON	AND	HIS	POETRY
	By	John	H.	Ingram
	29.	WHITTIER	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	W.	H.	Hudson
	30.	VICTOR	HUGO	AND	HIS	POETRY	By	W.	H.	Hudson
	31.	WILLIAM	BLAKE	AND	HIS	POETRY
	By	Allardyc*	Nicoll,	M.A.
	Other	Volumes	in	active	preparation


88	WI?AT	NEXT?
	no	noticeable	particular.	The	gaudy	trappings	of
	fashionable	society	had	lost	none	of	their	attractiveness,
	nor	had	genuine	merit	gained	any	foothold	upon	her
	appreciation.
	When	John	s	uncle	had	delivered	himself	of	the
	summary	of	encomiums	which	he	bestowed	upon	Miss
	Mary	Lawson,	he	instituted	quite	a	striking	contrast
	between	Miss	Mary	and	her	widowed	sister.	In	fact
	he	ran	through	a	kind	of	epitome	of	the	family	history
	and	genealogical	pedigree.	He	had	known	the	family
	through	many	3*ears,	and	was	consequently	well
	informed	as	to	the	general	characteristics	of	the	entire
	household.
	Mary	Lawson	was	an	especial	favorite	of	John	s
	uncle.	He	had	known	her	from	infancy,	and	even
	while	she	was	only	a	young	specimen	of	a	school	girl,
	he	regarded	her	as	especially	handsome,	and	from	her
	visits	to	his	home,	he	had	discovered	some	of	the	most
	amiable	and	lovety	traits	of	character	that	he	had	ever
	known	to	be	possessed	by	any	one.	He	had	watched
	her	gradual	development	into	womanhood,	and,	with
	that	unfolding,	he	had	noticed	that	the	superior	charms
	which	she	possessed,	crowned	as	were	hers,	with	an
	embellishment	of	modest}*,	made	her	an	object	of
	especial	admiration.
	With	the	opinion	which	John	s	uncle	entertained
	with	regard	to	the	mental	embellishments,	as	well	as	to
	the	physical	beauty	of	Miss	Lawson,	it	is	not	to	be
	Avondered	at,	that	he	should	have	recommended	her	to
	his	nephew	as	a	prize	of	rare	worth.
	"I	would	not,	under	any	circumstances,	be	consid
	ered	as	desiring	to	push	upon	your	notice	even	so
	worthy	an	object	of	admiration	as	the	young	lady


ADVANCEMENT	OF	LEARNING	115
	acter	of	style	and	a	certain	form	of	speech	not	relating	to
	the	subject,	for	a	true	narration	may	be	delivered	in	verse
	and	a	feigned	one	in	prose;	but	the	second	is	a	capital	part
	of	learning,	and	no	other	than	feigned	history.	And	here,
	as	in	our	divisions,	we	endeavor	to	find	and	trace	the	true
	sources	of	learning,	and	this	frequently	without	giving	way
	to	custom	or	the	established	order	we	shall	take	no	par
	ticular	notice	of	satire,	elegy,	epigram,	ode,	etc.,	but	turn
	them	over	to	philosophy	and	the	arts	of	speech,	and	under
	the	name	of	poetry	treat	nothing	more	than	imaginary
	history.
	The	justest	division	of	poetry,	except	what	it	shares	in
	common	with	history	(which	has	its	feigned	chronicles,
	feigned	lives,	and	feigned	relations),	is	1.	Into	narrative;
	2.	Dramatic	;	and	3.	Allegorical.	Narrative	poetry	is	such
	an	exact	imitation	of	history	as	to	deceive,	did	it	not
	often	carry	things	beyond	probability.	Dramatic	poetry	is
	a	kind	of	visible	history,	giving	the	images	of	things	as	if
	they	were	present,	while	history	represents	them	as	past.
	But	allegorical	poetry	is	history	with	its	type,	which	rep
	resents	intellectual	things	to	the	senses.
	Narrative	poetry,	otherwise	called	heroic	poetry,	seems,
	with	regard	to	its	matter,	not	the	versification,	raised	upon
	a	noble	foundation,	as	having	a	principal	regard	to	the	dig
	nity	of	human	nature.	For	as	the	active	world	is	inferior
	to	the	rational	soul,	so	poetry	gives	that	to	mankind	w^ich
	history	denies,	and	in	some	measure	satisfies	the	mind	with
	shadows	when	it	cannot	enjoy	the	substance.	For,	upon
	a	narrow	inspection,	poetry	strongly	shows	that	a	greater
	grandeur	of	things,	a	more	perfect	order,	and	a	more	beau
	tiful	variety	is	pleasing	to	the	mind	than	can	anywhere	be
	found	in	nature	after	the	fall.	So	that,	as	the	actions	and
	events,	which	are	the	subjects	of	true	history,	have	not	that
	grandeur	which	satisfies	the	mind,	poetry	steps	in	and	feigns
	more	heroical	actions.	And	as	real	history	gives	us	not	the
	success	of	things	according	to	the	deserts	of	virtue	and	vice,
	poetry	corrects	it,	and	presents	us	with	the	fates	and	for-


WOMAN	IN	PARADISE.	123
	Though	rich	in	the	floods	from	its	fountains
	Unceasingly	grand	in	their	flow
	No	MIND	was	enthron'd	on	its	mountains,
	Nor	rul'd	in	its	valleys	below.
	But	lo	!	the	Eternal	descended
	To	garnish	his	new-born	domain	;
	For	his	heaven	and	earth	must	be	blended,
	And	MAN	must	in	majesty	reign	!
	The	harps	of	celestials	resounded	j
	The	monarch	illumin'd	the	scene	;
	The	joy	of	creation	abounded,
	And	earth	wav'd	her	banners	of	green.
	How	blissful	the	boon	of	existence
	Which	open'd	communion	with	light	!
	No	cloud	hung	in	gloom	in	the	distance,
	And	seraphs	turn'd	earthward	their	flight.
	The	soft,	purple	blush	of	the	morning
	Gave	way	to	the	flood-light	of	noon,
	The	mountains	and	forests	adorning,
	Till	night	claim'd	the	sheen	of	her	moon.


SYSTEM	OF	RECTANGULAR	SURVEYS.	135
	be	employed,	unless	subdivisional	closings	thereon	are	provided	in
	the	same	assignment	with	the	standard	line,	in	which	case	the	clos-
	ings	will	furnish	a	satisfactory	verification	of	the	length	of	the	lines
	thus	surveyed.	Where	such	closings	are	not	to	be	made	during	the
	progress	of	the	same	survey,	the	proper	supervising	officer	will	pro-
	vide	suitable	instructions	for	the	employment	of	a	second	set	of
	chainmen,	or	for	the	duplication	of	the	measurement	by	the	one	set
	of	chainmen.	In	either	case,	where	two	independent	sets	of	measure-
	ments	are	employed,	the	distance	to	the	mean	point,	and	the	differ-
	ence	between	the	measurements	to	each	corner	established,	will	be
	shown	in	the	field	notes;	a	form	of	record	is	given	in	the	specimen
	field	notes.
	142.	Should	the	difference	between	the	two	sets	of	measurements
	of	any	standard	line,	as	above	provided,	exceed	20	links	per	80	chains,
	it	is	required	that	the	line	be	remeasured	to	reduce	the	difference,
	the	final	measurement	of	the	line	only	to	be	shown	in	the	field	notes.
	Should	the	successive	independent	tests	of	the	alinement	of	any
	standard	line,	or	the	average	tests	of	the	solar	attachment	employed
	in	the	projection	thereof,	indicate	that	the	line	has	deflected	from
	the	true	cardinal	course	to	exceed	3'	00	//	,	the	necessary	corrections
	will	be	made	to	reduce	the	deviation	in	azimuth,	the	field	notes	of
	the	true	line	only	being	shown.	Every	reasonable	effort	will	be
	exercised	to	insure	the	accuracy	of	both	the	alinement	and	the	meas-
	urement	of	the	standard	lines,	and	the	stated	discrepancies	are	the
	maximum	that	will	be	allowed	in	new	surveys;	corrective	steps	will
	be	required	where	the	differences	are	beyond	the	maximum.
	BASE	LINE.
	143.	From	the	initial	monument	the	base	line	will	be	extended
	east	and	west	on	a	true	parallel	of	latitude;	upon	the*	true	line	stand-
	ard	quarter-section	and	section	corners	will	be	established	alter-
	nately	at	intervals	of	40	chains,	and	standard	township	corners	at
	intervals	of	480	chains;	meander	corners	will	be	established	at	the
	intersection	of	the	line	with	all	meanderable	bodies	of	water.
	The	manner	of	making	the	measurement	of	the	base	line	and	the
	accuracy	of	both	the	alinement	and	measurement	will	be	the	same
	as	required	in	the	survey	of	the	principal	meridian.	Any	one	of	the
	methods	heretofore	set	forth	for	the	determination	of	the	alinement
	of	the	true	latitude	curve	may	be	used	as	existing	conditions	may
	require	and	the	detailed	process	will	be	fully	stated	in	the	field	notes.