VEGETABLES.	63
	butter,	salt,	pepper,	and	vinegar.	Others	omit	the	vinegar,	and	add	two	beat
	en	eggs	and	a	little	milk,	then	bake	it	like	a	pudding.	This	is	the	favorite
	mode	in	some	families.	Cauliflower	is	to	be	treated	like	cabbage.
	Asparagus.	The	best	way	to	cook	it	is	to	cut	it	into	inch	pieces,	leave	out
	the	hardest	parts,	boil	in	salted	water,	drain	with	a	colander,	and	add	pepper,
	salt,	melted	butter	or	cream,	when	taken	up.	Some	beat	up	eggs	and	add	to
	this	;	stir	till	hardened	a	little,	and	then	serve.
	Macaroni.	Break	into	inch	pieces	and	put	into	salted	boiling	water,	and
	stew	till	soft	say	twenty	minutes.	Drain	it	and	put	it	in	layers	in	a	pud
	ding-dish,	with	grated	cheese	between	each	layer.	Add	a	little	salted	milk
	or	cream,	and	bake	about	half	an	hour.	Many	can	not	eat	this	with	cheese.
	In	this	case	it	is	better	to	pour	cold	soup	or	gravy	upon	it,	and	bake	without
	cheese.
	Various	Ways	of	cooking	Eggs.	Put	eggs	into	boiling	water	from	three
	to	five	minutes,	according	to	taste.	A	hard-boiled	egg	is	perfectly	healthy	if
	well	masticated.	Another	way	is	to	put	them	in	a	bowl	or	an	egg-boiler,
	and	pour	on	boiling	water	for	two	or	three	minutes,	then	pour	off	the	water
	and	add	boiling	water,	and	in	five	or	six	minutes	the	eggs	will	be	cooked
	enough.
	To	make	a	plain	omelet,	beat	the	yelks	of	six	eggs,	add	a	cup	of	milk,
	season	with	salt	and	pepper,	and	then	stir	in	the	whites	cut	to	a	stiff	froth.
	Cook	in	a	frying-pan	or	griddle,	with	as	little	butter	or	fat	as	possible.	Let
	it	cook	about	ten	minutes,	and	then	take	up	with	a	spad,	or	lay	a	hot	dish
	over	and	turn	the	omelet	on	to	it.	.	This	is	improved	by	mixing	in	chopped
	ham	or	fowl.	Some	put	sugar	in,	but	it	is	more	apt	to	bum.
	A	bread	omelet	is	made	as	above,	with	bread-crumbs	added,	and	is	very
	good.
	An	apple	omelet	is	made	as	above,	with	mashed	apple-sauce	added,	and
	this	also	is	very	good.	Jelly	may	be	used	instead	of	apple.


68	THE	HOUSEKEEPER	AND	HEALTHKEEPEK.
	Recipe.	To	one	quart	of	unbolted	flour	put	about	one	quart,	or	a	little
	less,	of	hot	water.	Beat	it	very	quickly,	put	it	in	hot	pans,	and	bake	in	a	hot
	oven.	White	flour	may	be	used	in	place	of	coarse,	and	the	quantity	ascer
	tained	by	trial.	When	right,	there	is	after	baking	little	except	a	crust,	which
	is	sweet	and	crisp.
	Rye	and	Indian	Bread.	The	Boston	or	Eastern	Brown	Bread	is	made
	thus	:	One	quart	of	rye,	one	quart	of	corn-meal,	one	cup	of	molasses,	half	a
	cup	of	distillery	yeast,	or	twice	as	much	home-brewed	;	one	tea-spoonful	of
	soda,	and	one	tea-spoonful	of	salt.	Wet	with	hot	water	till	it	is	stiff	as	can
	be	stirred	with	a	spoon.	This	is	put	in	a	large	brown	pan	and	baked	four	or
	five	hours.	It	is	good	toasted,	and	improved	by	adding	boiled	squash.
	Third	Bread.	This	is	made	with	equal	parts	of	rye,	corn-meal,	and	un
	bolted	flour.	To	one	quart	of	warm	water	add	one	tea-spoonful	of	salt,	half
	a	cup	of	distillery	or	twice	as	much	home-brewed	yeast,	and	half	a	cup	of	mo
	lasses.,	and	thicken	with	equal	parts	of	these	three	kinds	of	flour.	It	is	very
	good	for	a	variety,
	Rye	Bread.	Take	a	quart	of	warm	water,	a	tea-spoonful	of	salt,	half	a	cup
	of	molasses,	and	a	cup	of	home-brewed	yeast,	or	half	as	much	of	distillery.
	Add	flour	till	you	can	knead	it,	and	do	it	very	thoroughly.
	Oat-Meal	Bread.	Oat-meal	is	sometimes	bitter	from	want	of	care	in	pre
	paring.	When	good,	it	makes	excellent	and	healthful	bread.
	Take	one	pint	of	boiling	water,	one	great-	spoonful	of	sweet	lard	or	butter,
	two	great-spoonfuls	of	sugar;	melt	them	together,	and	thicken	with	two-
	thirds	oat-meal	and	one-third	fine	flour.	When	blood-warm,	add	half	a	cup
	of	home-brewed	yeast	and	two	well-beaten	eggs.	Mold	into	small	cakes,	and
	bake	on	buttered	tins,	or	make	two	loaves.
	Pumpkin	Bread	and	Apple	Bread.	These	are	very	good	for	a	variety.
	Stew	and	strain	pumpkins	or	apples,	and	then	work	in	either	corn-meal	or
	unbolted	flour,	or	both.	To	each	quart	of	the	fruit	add	two	table-spoonfuls
	of	sugar,	a	pinch	of	salt,	and	a	cup	of	home-brewed	yeast.	If	the	apples	are
	quite	sour,	add	more	sugar.	Make	it	as	stiff	as	can	be	stirred	with	a	spoon,
	and	bake	in	patties	or	small	loaves.	Children	like	it	for	a	change.
	Corn-Meal	Bread.	Always	scald	corn-meal.	Melt	two	table-spoonfuls	of
	butter	or	sweet	lard	in	one	quart	of	hot	water;	add	a	tea-spoonful	of	salt	and
	a	tea-cup	of	sugar.	Thicken	with	corn-meal,	and	one-third	as	much	fine
	flour,	of	unbolted	flour,	or	middlings.	Two	well-beaten	eggs	improve	it.
	Make	it	as	stiff	as	can	be	easily	stirred	with	a	spoon,	or,	as	some	would	ad
	vise,	knead	it	like	bread	of	white	flour.
	If	raised	with	yeast,	put	in	a	tea-cup	of	home-brewed	yeast,	or	half	as
	much	of	distillery.	If	raised	with	powders,	mix	two	tea-spoonfuls	of	cream
	tartar	thoroughly	with	the	meal,	and	one	tea-spoonful	of	soda	in	the	water.


72	THE	HOUSEKEEPER	AND	HEALTHKEEPEK.
	Wheat	Muffins.	One	pint	of	milk,	and	two	eggs.
	One	table-spoonful	of	yeast,	and	a	salt-spoonful	of	salt.	One	table-spoon
	ful	of	butter.
	Mix	these	ingredients	with	sufficient	flour	to	make	a	thick	batter.	Let	it
	rise	four	or	five	hours,	and	bake	in	muffin-rings.	This	can	be	made	of	un
	bolted	flour	or	grits,	adding	two	great-spoonfuls	of	molasses,	and	it	is	very
	fine.	Make	it	so	thick	that	a	table-spoon	will	stand	erect	in	it.
	Sally	Lunn,	improved.	Seven	tea-cups	of	unbolted	flour,	or	fine	flour.
	One	pint	of	water.
	Half	a	cup	of	melted	butter,	and	half	a	cup	of	sugar.
	One	pinch	of	salt.
	Three	well-beaten	eggs.
	Two	table-spoonfuls	of	brewers'	yeast,	or	twice	as	much	of	home-brewed.
	Pour	into	square	buttered	pans,	and	let	it	rise	two	or	three	hours	with
	brewers'	yeast	;	with	home-brewed,	five	hours	are	required.	It	is	still	better
	baked	in	patties.
	Cream	Griddle-Cakes.	One	pint	of	thick	cream.
	One	tea-spoonful	of	salt.
	One	table-spoonful	of	sugar.
	Three	well-beaten	eggs.
	Make	a	thin	batter	of	unbolted	or	of	fine	flour,	and	bake	on	a	griddle.
	Royal	Crumpets.	Three	tea-cups	of	raised	dough.
	Two	table-spoonfuls	of	melted	butter.
	Half	a	tea-cup	of	white	sugar,	mixed	with	three	well-beaten	eggs.
	Bake	in	two	buttered	pans-	for	half	an	hour.
	Muffins	of	fine	Flour	or	unbolted	Flour.	One	pint	of	milk	or	water.
	One	pinch	of	salt.
	Two	well-beaten	eggs.
	One	table-spoonful	of	yeast.
	Make	a	thick	batter	of	fine	flour	or	unbolted	flour,	and	let	it	rise	four	or
	five	hours.	Bake	in	muffin-rings.
	Unbolted	Flour	Waffles.	One	pint	of	unbolted	flour.
	One	pint	of	sour	milk,	or	buttermilk,	or	water.
	Half	a	tea-spoonful	of	soda,	or	more	if	needed,	to	sweeten	the	milk.
	Three	well-beaten	eggs.
	Two	table-spoonfuls	of	sugar.
	Drop-Cakes	of	fine	Wheat	or	of	Rye.	One	pint	of	milk	or	water.
	One	pinch	of	salt.
	Two	table-spoonfuls	of	sugar.
	Three	well-beaten	eggs.
	Stir	in	rye,	or	fine	or	unbolted	flour	to	a	thick	batter,	and	bake	in	cups	or
	patties	half	an	hour.


I
	CAKE.	87
	berries,	Peaches,	Cranberries,	and	Quinces,	and	any	other	fruit,	mashed	or
	cooked,	can	be	used	in	place	of	the	jelly,	being	first	sweetened.
	This	cake	can	be	made	richer	by	adding	spices	and	fruit	before	baking.
	Cream	can	be	used	in	place	of	butter.	Chopped	almonds,	citron,	or	cocoa-
	nut	may	be	put	in	the	cake	for	baking,	making	still	another	variety.
	CAKES	RAISED	WITH	EGGS.
	Pound-Cake,	(very	rich.)	One	pound	of	flour,	one	pound	of	sugar,	half	a
	pound	of	butter,	nine	eggs,	a	glass	of	brandy,	one	nutmeg,	one	tea-spoonful
	of	pounded	cinnamon.	Mix	half	the	flour	with	the	butter,	brandy,	and
	spice	;	add	the	yelks	of	eggs	beaten	well	into	the	sugar.	Beat	the	whites	to
	a	stiff	froth,	and	add	them	in	alternate	spoonfuls	with	the	rest	of	the	flour	:
	then	beat	a	long	tmie,	and	bake	as	soon	as	done.
	Plain	Cake	raised	with	Eggs.	Take	a	pound	or	quart	of	flour,	half	as
	much	sugar,	half	as	much	butter	as	sugar,	four	or	five	eggs,	one	nutmeg,	and
	a	tea-spoonful	of	cinnamon.	Mix	well	the	sugar,	butter,	yelks,	and	spice	;
	then	the	flour,	and	last	the	whites	as	stiff	froth.
	These	two	cakes	are	varied	by	adding	citron,	fruit,	or	other	spices,	making
	them	more	or	less	rich.
	Fruit-Cake.	This	to	be	made	either	like	pound-cake,	with	fruit	added	;
	or	like	plain	cake,	raised	with	eggs	or	yeast,	adding	fruit.
	Walnut-meats	or	Almonds	may	be	chopped	and	put	in	the	cake	instead	of
	fruit,	making	another	variety.
	Huckleberry-Cake.	One	quart	of	huckleberries,	three	cups	of	sugar,	three
	cups	of	flour,	six	eggs,	one	cup	of	sweet	milk,	and	one	tea-spoonful	of	soda
	dissolved	in	a	little,	hot	water.	Cream	the	butter	and	sugar,	and	add	the
	beaten	yelks.	Then	add	the	milk,	flour,	and	two	grated	nutmegs.	Then	add
	the	whites,	whipped	to	a	stiff	froth,	and	the	berries,	gently,	so	as	not	to	mash
	them.	An	excellent	cake.
	Currants	and	other	berries	may	be	used	in	the	same	way.	If	very	sour,
	add	more	sugar.	If	doubtful	of	raising	it	enough,	add	a	tea-spoonful	of
	soda	;	or,	more	surely,	a	bit	of	sal	volatile	the	size	of	a	hickory-nut.
	Gold	and	Silver	Cake.	This	makes	a	pretty	variety	when	cut	and	placed
	together	in	a	cake-dish.	For	each,	take	one	cup	of	sugar	(for	the	silver,
	white	;	and	for	the	gold,	brown),	half	a	cup	of	butter,	half	a	cup	of	milk,	two
	cups	of	flour,	one	tea-spoonful	of	cream	tartar,	and	half	as	much	soda.	For
	the	one,	use	the	yelk	of	three	eggs	;	and	the	white,	as	stiff	froth,	for	the	oth
	er.	Mix	the	cream	tartar	very	thoroughly	in	the	flour,	and	put	in	the	soda
	last.	Bake	immediately.	This	makes	one	loaf	of	each	kind,	in	flat	pans,	and
	is	to	be	frosted.	If	more	is	wanted,	double	the	quantity	of	each	ingredient.
	Bich	Sponge-Cake.	Take	twelve	eggs,	and	the	weight	of	ten	in	sugar,	and


88	THE	HOUSEKEEPER	AND	HEALTHKERPER.
	six	in	flour.	Beat	the	sugar	into	the	yelks,	add	the	juice	and	grated	peel	of
	one	lemon,	then	the	flour,	and	then	the	whites	cut	to	a	stiff	froth,	and	bake
	as	soon	as	possible.	Bake	in	brick-shaped	pans,	and	line	them	with	buttered
	paper.
	Plain	Sponge-Cake,	(easily	made.)	Mix	thoroughly	two	cups	of	sifted	flour
	and	two	cups	of	white	sugar	with	one	tea-spoonful	of	cream	tartar.	Beat
	four	eggs	to	a	froth,	not	separating	the	whites,	and	add	some	grated	lemon-
	peel,	or	nutmeg,	or	rose-water.	Just	before	baking,	add	half	a	tea-spoonful
	of	soda	dissolved	in	three	great-spoonfuls	of	warm	water.	Beat	quick,	and
	set	in	the	oven	immediately.
	GINGERBREAD,	FRIED	CAKES,	COOKIES,	AND	OTHER	CAKES.
	Aunt	Esther's	Gingerbread.	Take	half	a	pint	of	molasses,	a	small	cup	of
	soft	butter,	a	gill	and	a	half	of	water,	a	heaping	tea-spoonful	of	soda	dissolved
	in	a	table-spoonful	of	hot	water,	and	one	even	table-spoonful	of	strong	gin
	ger,	or	two	if	weak.	Kub	butter	and	ginger	into	the	flour,	add	the	water,
	soda,	and	molasses,	and	while	doing	it,	put	in	two	table-spoonfuls	of	vinegar.
	Roll	it	in	cards	an	inch	thick,	and	bake	half	an	hour	in	a	quick	oven.
	Sponge	Gingerbread.	Add	to	the	above	two	beaten	eggs,	and	water	to
	make	it	thin	as	pound-cake,	and	bake	as	soon	as	well	mixed.
	Ginger-Snaps	and	Seed-Cookies.	One	cup	of	butter,	two	cups	of	sugar	or
	molasses,	one	cup	of	water,	one	table-spoonful	of	ginger,	one	heaping	tea-
	spoonful	of	cinnamon	and	one	of	cloves,	one	tea-spoonful	of	soda	dissolved
	in	a	small	cup	of	hot	water.	Mix	and	add	flour	for	a	stiff	dough,	roll	and
	cut	in	small	round	cakes.	Omit	the	spices,	and	put	in	four	or	five	table-
	spoonfuls	of	caraway	seeds,	and	you	have	seed-cakes.	Leave	out	all	spice
	and	seeds,	and	you	have	plain	cookies.
	Fried	Cakes.	For	Doughnuts,	use	the	recipe	for	Plain	Sponge-Cake,	add
	ing	flour	enough	to	roll.	Or	take	Plain	Cake	raised	with	eggs,	and	add	flour
	enough	to	roll.	Or	take	Dough-Cake,	or	Plain	Loaf-Cake,	and	thicken	so
	as	to	roll.	Roll	about	half	an	inch	thick	and	cut	into	oblong	pieces.	For
	Crullers,	take	plain	cake	raised	with	eggs,	and	thicken	stiff	with	flour	;	roll	it
	thin,	and	cut	into	strips,	and	form	twisted	cakes.	More	sugar	and	butter
	make	it	richer,	but	less	healthful.
	Have	plenty	of	lard,	or,	better,	strained	beef-fat,	quite	hot;	try	with	a
	small	piece	first,	and,	if	right,	there	will	be	a	bubbling.	Turn	two	or	three
	times	to	cook	all	alike,	break	open	one	to	try	if	done,	and	when	done,	take
	up	with	a	skimmer	and	drain	well.	If	the	fat	is	too	hot,	it	will	brown	too
	quick	;	if	not	hot	enough,	the	fat	will	soak	into	the	cake.	Remember	that
	frying	is	the	most	unhealthful	mode	of	cooking	food,	and	the	one	most	like
	ly	to	be	done	amiss.


DESSERTS	AND	EVENING	PARTIES.	95
	CHAPTER	XVIII.
	DESSEETS	AND	EVENING	PARTIES.
	Ice-Cream.	One	quart	of	milk.	One	and	a	half	table-spoonfuls	of	arrow
	root.	The	grated	peel	of	two	lemons.	"	One	quart	of	thick	cream.
	Wet	the	arrow-root	with	a	little	cold	milk,	and	add	it	to	the	quart	of	milk
	when	boiling	hot	;	sweeten	it	veiy	sweet	with	white	sugar,	put	in	the	grated
	lemon-peel,	boil	the	whole,	and	strain	it	into	the	quart	of	cream.	When
	partly	frozen,	add	the	juice	of	the	two	lemons.	Twice	this	quantity	is	enough
	for	thirty-five	persons.	Find	the	quantity	of	sugar	that	suits	you	by	measure,
	and	then	you	can	use	this	every	time,	without	tasting.	Some	add	whites	of
	eggs	;	others	think	it	just	as	good	without.	It	must	be	made	very	sweet,	as
	it	loses	much	by	freezing.
	If	you	have	no	apparatus	for	freezing,	(which	is	almost	indispensable),	put
	the	cream	into	a	tin	pail	with	a	very	tight	cover,	mix	equal	quantities	of	snow
	and	blown	salt,	(not	the	coarse	salt),	or	of	pounded	ice	and	salt,	in	a	tub,	and
	put	it	as	high	as	the	pail,	or	freezer;	turn	the	pail	or	freezer	halfr	round	and
	back	again	with	one	hand,	for	half	an	hour,	or	longer,	if	you	want	it	very
	nice.	Three	quarters	of	an	hour	steadily	will	make	it	good	enough.	While
	doing	this,	stop	four	or	five	times,	and	mix	the	frozen	part	with	the	rest,	the
	last	time	very	thoroughly,	and	then	the	lemon-juice	must	be	put	in.	Then
	cover	the	freezer	tight	with	snow	and	salt	till	it	is	wanted.	The	mixture
	must	be	perfectly	cool	before	being	put	in	the	freezer.	Renew	the	snow	and
	salt	while	shaking,	so	as	to	have	it	kept	tight	to	the	sides	of	the	freezer.	A
	hole	in	the	tub	holding	the	freezing	mixture,	to	let	off	the	water,	is	a	great
	advantage.	In	a	tin	pail	it	would	take	much	longer	to	freeze	than	in	the
	freezer,	probably	nearly	twice	as	long.	A	long	stick,	like	a	coffee-stick,
	should	be	used	in	scraping	the	ice	from	the	sides.	Iron	spoons	will	be	affect
	ed	by	the	lemon-juice,	and	give	a	bad	taste.
	In	taking	it	out	for	use,	first	wipe	off	every	particle	of	the	freezing	mixture
	dry,	then	with	a	knife	loosen	the	sides,	then	invert	the	freezer	upon	the	dish
	in	which	the	ice	is	to	be	served,	and	apply	two	towels	wrung	out	of	hot	water
	to	the	bottom	part,	and	the	whole	will	slide	out	in	the	shape	of	a	cylinder.
	Freezers	are	now	sold	quite	cheap,	and	such	as	freeze	in	a	short	time.
	Strawberry	Ice-Cream.	Rub	a	pint	of	ripe	strawberries	through	a	sieve,
	add	a	pint	of	cream,	and	four	ounces	of	powdered	sugar,	and	freeze	it.	Oth
	er	fruits	may	be	used	thus.
	Ice-Cream	without	Cream.	A	vanilla	bean	or	a	lemon	rind	is	first	boiled
	in	a	quart	of	milk.	Take	out	the	bean	or	peel,	and	add	the	yelks	of	four


DESSERTS	AND	EVENING	PARTIES.	97
	Soak	the	gelatine	in	cold	water	half	an	hour.	Then	take	it	from	the	water,
	and	pour	on	the	quart	of	boiling	water.	When	cooled,	add	the	grated	rind
	of	one	lemon,	and	the	juice	of	two,	and	a	pound	and	a	half	of	loaf-sugar.
	Then	beat	the	whites	of	the	eggs	to	a	stiff	froth,	and	stir	them	in,	and	let	the
	whole	boil	till	the	egg	is	well	mixed,	but	do	not	stir	while	it	boils.	Strain
	through	a	jelly-bag,	and	then	add	the	wine.
	In	cold	weather,	a	pint	more	of	water	may	be	added.	This	jelly	can	be
	colored	by	beet-juice,	saffron,	or	indigo,	for	fancy	dishes.
	An	Apple	Lemon	Pudding.	Six	spoonfuls	of	grated,	or	of	cooked	and
	strained,	apple.	Three	lemons,	pulp,	rind,	and	juice,	all	grated.	Half	a
	pound	of	melted	butter.	Sugar	to	the	taste.	Seven	eggs	well	beaten.
	Mix,	and	bake	with	or	without	paste.	It	can	be	made	still	plainer	by
	using	nine	spoonfuls	of	apple,	one	lemon,	two	thirds	of	a	cup	full	of	butter,
	and	three	eggs.
	Wheat	Flour	Blanc-Mange.	Wet	up	six	table-spoonfuls	of	flour	to	a	thin
	paste	with	cold	milk,	and	stir	it	into	a	pint	of	boiling	milk.	Flavor	with
	lemon-peel	or	peach-leaves	boiled	in	the	milk.	Add	a	pinch	of	salt,	cool	it	in
	a	mold,	and	eat	with	sweetened	cream	and	sweetmeats.
	Orange	Marmalade.	Take	two	lemons	and	a	dozen	oranges	;	grate	the
	yellow	rinds	of	all	the	oranges	but	five,	and	set	it	aside.	Make	a	clear	sirup
	of	an	equal	weight	of	sugar.	Clear	the	oranges	of	rind	and	seeds,	put	them
	with	the	grated	rinds	into	the	sirup,	and	boil	about	twenty	minutes	till	it	is	a
	transparent	mass.
	A	simple	Lemon	Jelly,	(easily	made.)	One	ounce	of	gelatine.	A	pound
	and	a	half	of	loaf-sugar.	Three	lemons,	pulp,	skin,	and	juice,	grated.
	Pour	a	quart	of	boiling	water	upon	the	isinglass,	add	the	rest,	mix	and
	strain	it,	then	add	a	glass	of	wine,	and	pour	it	to	cool	in	some	regular	form.
	If	the	lemons	are	not	fresh,	add	a	little	cream	of	tartar	or	tartaric	acid.
	Cranberry.	Pour	boiling	water	on	them,	and	then	you	can	easily	separate
	the	good	and	the	bad.	Boil	them	in	a	very	little	water	till	soft,	then	sweeten
	to	your	taste.	If	you	wish	a	jelly,	take	a	portion	and	strain	through	a	fine
	Apple	Ice,	(very	fine.)	Take	finely-flavored	apples,	grate	them	fine,	and
	then	make	them	very	sweet,	and	freeze	them.	It	is	very	delicious.
	Pears,	peaches,	or	quinces	also	are	nice,	either	grated	fine	or	stewed	and
	run	through	a	sieve,	then	sweetened	very	sweet,	and	frozen.	The	flavor	is
	much	better	preserved	when	grated	than	when	cooked.
	Whip	Syllabub.	One	pint	of	cream.	Sifted	white	sugar	to	your	taste.
	Half	a	tumbler	of	white	wine.	The	grated	rind	and	juice	of	one	lemon.
	Beat	all	to	a	stiff	froth.
	5


A	HEALTHFUL	AND	ECONOMICAL	HOUSE.	133
	CHAPTER	II.
	A	HEALTHFUL	AND	ECONOMICAL	HOUSE.
	AT	the	head	of	this	chapter	is	a	sketch	of	what	may	be
	properly	called	a	Christian	house;	that	is,	a	house	contrived
	for	the	express	purpose	of	enabling	every	member	of	a	fam
	ily	to	labor	with	the	hands	for	the	common	good,	and	by
	modes	at	once	healthful,	economical,	and	tasteful.
	In	the	following	drawings	are	presented	modes	of	econ
	omizing	time,	labor,	and	expense	by	the	dose	packing	of	con
	veniences.	By	such	methods,	small	and	economical	houses


ON	HOME	VENTILATION.	153
	tion	contracts,	it	closes	the	valves	and	forces	the	impure
	blood	into	the	lungs	on	one	side,	and	also	on	the	other	side
	forces	the	purified	blood	through	the	aorta	and	arteries	to
	all	parts	of	the	body.
	As	before	stated,	the	lungs	consist	chiefly	of	air-cells,	the
	walls	of	which	are	lined	with	minute	bjood-vessels	;	and.	we
	know	that	in	every	man	these	air-cells	number	eighteen	mill
	ions.
	Now	every	beat	of	the	heart	sends	two	ounces	of	blood
	into	the	minute,	hair-like	blood-vessels,	called	capillaries,
	that	line	these	air-cells,	where	the	air	in	the	air-cells	gives
	its	oxygen	to	the	blood,	and	in	its	place	receives	carbonic
	acid.	This	gas	is	then	expired	by	the	lungs	into	the	sur
	rounding	atmosphere.
	Thus,	by	this	powerful	little	organ,	the	heart,	no	less	than
	twenty-eight	pounds	of	blood,	in	a	common-sized	man,	is
	sent	three	times	every	hour	through	the	lungs,	giving	out
	carbonic	acid	and	watery	vapor,	and	receiving	the	life-in
	spiring	oxygen.
	Whether	all	this	blood	shall	convey	the	nourishing	and
	invigorating	oxygen	to	every	part	of	the	body,	or	return
	unrelieved	of	carbonic	acid,	depends	entirely	on	the	pureness
	of	the	atmosphere	that	is	breathed.
	Every	time	we	think	or	feel,	this	mental	action	dissolves
	some	particles	of	the	brain	and	nerves,	which	pass	into	the
	blood	to	be	thrown	out	of	the	body	through	the	lungs	and
	skin.	In	like	manner,	whenever	we	move	any	muscle,	some
	of	its	particles	decay	and	pass	away.	It	is	in	the	capillaries,
	which	are	all	over	the	body,	that	this	change	takes	place.
	The	blood-vessels	that	convey	the	pure	blood	from	the	heart
	divide	into	myriads	of	little	branches	that	terminate	in
	capillary	vessels	like	those	lining	the	air-cells	of	the	lungs.
	The	blood	meanders	through	these	minute	capillaries,	de
	positing	the	oxygen	taken	from	the	lungs	and	the	food	of
	the	stomach,	and	receiving	in	return	the	decayed	matter,
	which	is	chiefly	carbonic	acid.
	This	carbonic	acid	is	formed	by	the	union	of	oxygen	with
	carbon	or	charcoal,	which	forms	a	large	portion	of	the	food.
	Watery	vapor	is	also	formed	in	the	capillaries	by	the
	7*


OX	HOME	VENTILATION.	157
	inmates,	sitting	there	with	all	their	winter	clothes	on,	be
	come	enervated	both	by	the	heat	and	by	the	poisoned	air,
	for	which	there	is	no	escape	but	the	occasional	opening	of	a
	door.
	"It	is	no	wonder	that	the	first	result	of	all	this	is	such	a
	delicacy	of	skin	and	lungs	that	about	half	the	inmates	are
	obliged	to	give	up	going	into	the	open	air	during	the	six
	cold	months,	because	they	.invariably	catch	cold	if	they	do
	so.	It	is	no	wonder	that	the	cold	caught	about	the	first	of
	December	has	by	the-	first	of	March	become	a	fixed	con
	sumption,	and	that	the	opening	of	the	spring,	which	ought
	to	bring	life	and	health,	in	so	many	cases	brings	death.
	"	We	hear	of	the	lean	condition	in	which	the	poor	bears
	emerge	from	their	six	months'	wintering,	during	which	they
	subsist	on	the	fat	which	they	have	acquired	the	previous
	summer.	Even	so,	in	our	long	winters,	multitudes	of	deli
	cate	people	subsist	on	the	daily	waning	strength	which	they
	acquired	in	the	season	when	windows	and	doors	were	open,
	and	fresh	air	was	a	constant	luxury.	No	wonder	we	hear
	of	spring	fever	and	spring	biliousness,	and	have	thousands
	of	nostrums	for	clearing	the	blood	in	the	spring.	All	these
	things	are	the	pantings	and	palpitations	of	a	system	run
	down	under	slow	poison,	unable	to	get	a	step	farther.
	"	Better,	far	better,	the	old	houses	of	the	olden	time,	with
	their	great	roaring	fires,	and	their	bed	-rooms	where	the
	snow	came	in	and	the	wintry	winds	whistled.	Then,	to	be
	sure,	you	froze	your	back	while	you	burned	your	face,	your
	water	froze	nightly	in	your	pitcher,	your	breath	congealed
	in	ice-wreaths	on	the	blankets,	and	you	could	write	your
	name	on	the	pretty	snow-wreath	that	had	sifted	in	through
	the	window-cracks.	But	you	woke	full	of	life	and	vigor,
	you	looked	out	into	the	whirling	snow-storms	Without	a
	shiver,	and	thought	nothing	of	plunging	through	drifts	as
	high	as	your	head	on	your	daily	way	to	school.	You	jin
	gled	in	sleighs,	you	snow-balled,	you	lived	in	snow	like	a
	snow-bird,	and	your	blood	coursed	and	tingled,	in	full	tide
	of	good,	merry,	real	life,	through	your	veins	none	of	the
	slow-creeping,	black	blood	which	clogs	the	brain	and	lies
	like	a	weight	on	the	vital	wheels	!"


170	THE	HOUSEKEEPER	AND	HEALTHKEEPEK.
	carry	off	the	impure	air,	while	a	similar	opening	to	admit
	outside	air	is	made	at	the	opposite	side	of	the	room.	This
	is	th	mode	employed	in	chemical	laboratories	for	removing
	smells	and	injurious	gases.
	These	statements	give	some	idea	of	the	evils	to	be	reme
	died.	But	the	most	difficult	point	is	how	to	secure	the	rem
	edy	;	for	often	the	attempt	to	secure	pure	air	by	one	class
	of	persons	brings	chills,	colds,	and	disease	on	another	class,
	from	mere	ignorance	or	mismanagement.
	To	illustrate	this,	it	must	be	borne	in	mind	that	those
	who	live	in	warm,	close,	and	unventilated	rooms	are	much
	more	liable	to	take	cold	from	exposure	to	draughts	and	cold
	air	than	those	of	vigorous	vitality	accustomed	to	breathe
	pure	air.
	Thus	the	strong	and	healthy	husband,	feeling	the	want	of
	pure	air	in	the	night,	and	knowing	its	importance,	keeps	win
	dows	open,	and	makes	such	draughts	that	the	wife,	who	lives
	all	day	in	a	close	room	and	thus	is	low	in	vitality,	can	not
	bear	the	change,	has	colds,	and	sometimes	perishes	a	victim
	to	wrong	modes	of	ventilation.
	So,	even	in	health-establishments,	the	patients	will	pass
	most	of	their	days	and	nights	in	badly-ventilated	rooms.
	But	at	times	the	physician,	or	some	earnest	patient,	insists
	on	a	mode	of	ventilation	that	brings	more	evil	than	good	to
	the	delicate	inmates.
	The	grand	art	of	ventilating	houses	is	by	some	method
	that	will	empty	rooms	of	the	vitiated	air	and	bring	in	a	sup
	ply	of	pure	air	by	small	and	imperceptible	currents.
	But	this	important	duty	of	a	Christian	woman	is	one	that
	demands	more	science,	care,	and	attention	than	almost	any
	other;	and	yet,	to	prepare	her	for	this.	duty	has	never	been
	any	part	of	female	education.	Young	women	are	taught	to
	draw	mathematical	diagrams	and	to	solve	astronomical	prob
	lems	;	but	few,	if	any,	of	them	are	taught	to	solve	the	prob
	lem	of	a	house	constructed	to	secure	pure	and	moist	air	by
	day	and	night	for	all	its	inmates	by	safe	methods.
	We	have	seen	the	process	through	which	the	air	is	rendered
	unhealtbful	by	close	rooms	and	want	of	ventilation.	Every
	person	inspires	air	about	twenty	times	each	minute,	using


HEALTHFUL	FOOD	AND	DRINKS.	219
	But	the	more	general	result	is	a	gradual	undermining	of
	all	parts	of	the	human	frame	;	thus	imperceptibly	shorten
	ing	life,	by	so	weakening	the	constitution	that	it	is	ready	to
	yield,	at	every	point,	to	any	uncommon	risk	or	exposure.
	Thousands	and	thousands	are	passing	out	of	the	world,	from
	diseases	occasioned	by	exposures	which	a	healthy	constitu
	tion	could	meet	without	any	danger.	It	is	owing	to	these
	considerations	that	it	becomes	the	duty	of	every	woman	who
	has	the	responsibility	of	providing	food	for	a	family	to	avoid
	a	variety	of	tempting	dishes.	It	is	a	much	safer	guide	to
	have	only	one	kind	of	healthy	food	for	each	meal,	rather	than
	the	too	abundant	variety	which,	is	often	met	at	the	tables	of
	almost	all	classes	in	this	country.	When	there	is	to	be	any
	variety	of	dishes,	they	ought	not	to	be	successive,	but	so	ar
	ranged	as	to	give	the	opportunity	of	selection,	How	often
	is	it	the	case	that	persons,	by	the	appearance	of	a	favorite
	article,	are	tempted	to	eat	merely	to	gratify	the	palate,	when
	the	stomach	is	already	adequately	supplied.	All	such	intem
	perance	wears	on	the	constitution,	and	shortens	life.	It	not
	unfrequently	happens	that	excess	in	eating	produces	a	mor
	bid	appetite,	which	must	constantly	be	denied.
	But	the	organization	of	the	digestive	organs	demands	not
	only	that	food	should	be	taken	in	proper	quantities,	but	that
	it	be	taken	at	proper	times.
	Fig.	54	shows	one	important	feature	of	the	digestive	or-
	ga'ns	relating	to	this	Fig.	54.
	point.	The	part	mark
	ed	L	M	shows	the	mus
	cles	of	the	inner	coat
	of	the	stomach,	which
	run	in	one	direction,
	and	C	M	shows	the
	muscles	of	the	outer
	coat,	running	in	an
	other	direction.
	As	soon	as	the	food
	enters	the	stomach,
	the	muscles	are	excited	by	the	nerves,	and	the	peristaltic	mo
	tion	commences	:	this	is	a	powerful	and	constant	exercise	of


DOMESTIC	MANNEES.	263
	Among	those	who	make	up	aristocratic	circles,	such	as
	are	above	them	are	deemed	of	superior,	and	such	as	are	be
	low	of	inferior,	value.	Thus,	if	a	young,	ignorant,	and	vi
	cious	coxcomb	happens	to	have	been	born	a	lord,	the	aged,
	the	virtuous,	the	learned,	and	the	well-bred	of	another	class
	must	give	his	convenience	the	precedence,	and	must	address
	him	in	terms	of	respect.	So,	sometimes,	when	a	man	of
	"noble	birth"	is	thrown	among	the	lower	classes,	he	de
	means	himself	in	a	style	which,	to	persons	of	his	own	class,
	would	be	deemed	the	height	of	assumption	and	rudeness.
	Now,	the	principles	of	democracy	require	that	the	same
	courtesy	which	we	accord	to	our	own	circle	shall	be	extend
	ed	to	every	class	and	condition	;	and	that	distinctions	of	su
	periority	and	subordination	shall	depend,	not	on	accidents
	of	birth,	fortune,	or	occupation,	but	solely	on	those	mutual
	relations	which	the	good	of	all	classes	equally	require.	The
	distinctions	demanded	in	a	democratic	state	are	simply
	those	which	result	from	relations	that	are	common	to	every
	class,	and	are	for	the	benefit	of	all.
	It	is	for	the	benefit	of	every	class	that	children	be	subor
	dinate	to	parents,	pupils	to	teachers,	the	employed	to	their
	employers,	and	subjects	to	magistrates.	In	addition	to	this,
	it	is	for	the	general	well-being	that	the	comfort	or	conven
	ience	of	the	delicate	and	feeble	should	be	preferred	to	that
	of	the	strong	and	healthy,	who	would	suffer	less	by	any	dep
	rivation;	that	precedence	should	be	given	to	their	elders
	by	the	young	;	and	that	reverence	should	be	given	to	the
	hoary	head.
	The	rules	of	good-breeding,	in	a	democratic	state,	must	be
	founded	on	these	principles.	It	is	indeed	assumed	that	the
	value	of	the	happiness	of	each	individual	is	the	same	as	that
	of	every	other	;	but	as	there	must	be	occasions	where	there
	are	advantages	w	r	hich	all	can	not	enjoy,	there	must	be
	general	rules	for	regulating	a	selection.	Otherwise,	there
	would	be	constant	scrambling	among	those	of	equal	claims,
	and	brute	force	must	be	the	final	resort	;	in	which	case	the
	strongest	would	have	the	best	of	every	thing.	The	demo
	cratic	rule,	then,	is,	that	superiors	in	age,	station,	or	office,
	have	precedence	of	subordinates	;	age	and	feebleness,	of


308	THE	HOUSEKEEPER	AND	HEALTHKEEPEE.
	day,	they	should	have	all	they	will	eat	of	hay,	together	with
	four	to	eight	quarts	of	oats	or	an	equal	weight	of	other
	grain	or	meal.	Barley	is	good	for	horses,	and	so	is	dry
	corn.	Corn-meal	put	upon	cut	hay,	wet	and	well	mixed,	is
	good,	steady	feed,	if	not	in	too	large	quantities.	Four
	quarts	a	day	may	be	fed	unmixed	with	other	grain	;	but	if
	the	horse	be	hard	worked	and	needs	more,	mix	the	meal
	with	wheat	bran,	or	linseed-oil-cake	meal,	or	use	corn	and
	oats	ground	together	;	carrots	are	especially	wholesome.	A
	quart	of	linseed-oil-cake	meal,	daily,	is	an	excellent	occa
	sional	addition	to	a	horse's	feed,	when	carrots	can	not	be
	had.	It	gives	lustre	to	his	coat,	and	brings	the	new	coat	of
	hair	out	in	the	spring.	A	stabled	horse	needs	daily	exer
	cise,	as	much	as	to	trot	three	miles.	Where	a	horse	is	trav
	eling,	it	is	well	to	give	him	six	quarts	of	oats	in	the	morn
	ing,	four	at	noon,	and	six	at	night.
	Thorough	grooming	is	indispensable	to	the	health	of
	horses.	Especial	care	should	be	taken	of	the	legs	and	fet
	locks,	that	no	dirt	remain	to	cause	that	distressing	disease,
	grease	or	scratches,	which	results	from	filthy	fetlocks	and
	standing	in	dirty	stables.	When	a	horse	comes	in	from
	work	on	muddy	roads	with	dirty	legs,	they	should	be	im
	mediately	cleaned,	the	dirt	brushed	off,	then	rubbed	with
	straw	;	then,	if	very	dirty,	washed	clean	and	rubbed	dry
	with	a	piece	of	sacking.	A	horse	should	never	stand	in	a
	draught	of	cold	air,	if	he	can	not	turn	and	put	his	back	to	it.
	If	sweaty	or	warm	from	work,	he	should	be	blanketed,	if	he
	is	to	stand	a	minute	in	the	winter	air.	If	put	at	once	into
	the	stable,	he	should	be	stripped	and	rubbed	down	with
	straw	actively	for	five	minutes	or	more,	and	then	blanketed.
	The	blanket	must	be	removed	in	an	hour,	and	the	horse
	given	water	and	feed,	if	it	is	the	usual	time.	It	will	not
	hurt	him	to	eat	hay	when	hot,	unless	he	be	thoroughly	ex
	hausted,	when	all	food	should	be	withheld	for	a	while.
	It	is	very	comforting	to	a	tired	horse,	when	he	is	too	hot
	to	drink,	to	sponge	out	his	mouth	with	cool	water.	A	horse
	should	never	drink	when	very	hot,	nor	be	turned	into	a	yard
	to	"	cool	off,"	even	in	summer,	neither	should	he	be	turned
	out	to	pasture	before	he	is	quite	cool.


ON	THE	CAEE	OF	BOOMS.	343
	the	bottom,	covered	with	paper,-	which	should	not	be	print
	ed,	as	the	ink	rubs	off.	Put	coats	and	pantaloons	into	linen
	cases,	made	for	the	purpose,	and	furnished	with	strings.
	Fill	all	crevices	with	small	articles	;	as,	if	a	trunk	is	not	full,
	nor	tightly	packed,	its	contents	will	be	shaken	about	and
	get	injured.	Under-clothing	packs	closer	by	being	rolled
	tightly,	instead	of	being	folded.
	Bonnet-boxes,	made	of	light	wood,	with	a	lock	and	key,
	are	better	than	the	paper	bandboxes	so	annoying	to	trav
	elers.	Carpet-bags	are	very	useful,	to	carry	the	articles	to
	be	used	on	a	journey.	The	best	ones	have	sides	inserted,
	iron	rims,	and	a	lock	and	key.	A	large	silk	traveling-bag,
	with	a	double	linen	lining,	in	which	are	stitched	receptacles
	for	tooth-brush,	combs,	and	other	small	articles,	is	a	very
	convenient	article	for	use	when	traveling.
	A	bonnet-cover,	made	of	some	thin	material,	like	a	large
	hood	with	a	cape,	is	useful	to	draw	over	the	bonnet	and
	neck,	to	keep	off	dust,	sun,	and	sparks	from	a	steam-engine.
	Green	veils	are	very	apt	to	stain	bonnets	when	damp.
	In	packing	household	furniture	for	moving,	have	each
	box	numbered,	and	then	have	a	book,	in	which,	as	each	box
	is	packed,	note	down	the	number	of	the	box,	and	the	order
	in	which	its	contents	are	packed,	as	this	will	save	much	la
	bor	and	perplexity	when	unpacking.	In	packing	china	and
	glass,	wrap	each	article	separately	in	paper,	and	put	soft
	hay	or	straw	at	bottom	and	all	around	each.	Put	the	heav
	iest	articles	at	the	bottom,	and	on	the	top	of	the	box	write,
	"This	side	up."
	ON	THE	CARE	OF	THE	KITCHEN,	CELLAR,	AND	STORE-ROOM.
	If	parents	wish	their	daughters	to	grow	up	with	good
	domestic	habits,	they	should	have,	as	one	means	of	securing
	this	result,	a	neat	and	cheerful	kitchen.	A	kitchen	should
	always,	if	possible,	be	entirely	above-ground,	and	well	light
	ed.	It	should	have	a	large	sink,	with	a	drain	running	un
	der-ground,	so	that	all	the	premises	may	be	kept	sweet	and
	clean.	If	flowers	and	shrubs	be	cultivated	around	the	doors
	and	windows,	and	the	yard	near	them	be	kept	well	turfed,
	it	will	add	very	much	to	their	agreeable	appearance.	The


376	THE	HOUSEKEEPER	AND	IIEALTHKEEPEE.
	er	it	ministers	to	good	or	evil	;	and	seek	amusements	with
	out	reference	to	the	great	end	to	which	they	should	minister.
	In	gratifying	the	implanted	desires	of	our	nature,	we	are
	bound	so	to	restrain	ourselves,	by	reason	and	conscience,	as
	always	to	seek	the	main	objects	of	existence	the	highest
	good	of	ourselves	and	others	;	and	never	to	sacrifice	this	for
	the	mere	gratification	of	our	desires.	We	are	to	gratify	ap
	petite	just	so	far	as	is	consistent	with	health	and	useful
	ness,	and	the	desire	for	knowledge	just	so	far	as	will	en
	able	us	to	do	most	good	by	our	influence	and	efforts,	and
	no	further.	We	are	to	seek	social	intercourse	to	that	ex
	tent	which	will	best	promote	domestic	enjoyment	and	kind
	ly	feelings	among	neighbors	and	friends	;	and	we	are	to	pur
	sue	exercise	and	amusement	only	so	far	as	will	best	sustain
	the	vigor	of	body	and	mind.
	The	laws	of	the	Supreme	Ruler,	when	he	became	the	civil
	as	well	as	the	religious	Head	of	the	Jewish	theocracy,	fur
	nish	an	example	which	it	would	be	well	for	all	attentively
	to	consider	when	forming	plans	for	the	apportionment	of
	time	and	property.	To	properly	estimate	this	example,	it
	must	be	borne	in	mind	that	the	main	object	of	God	was	to
	set	an	example	of	the	temporal	rewards	that	follow	obedi
	ence	to	the	laws	of	the	Creator,	and	at	the	same	time	to	pre
	pare	religious	teachers	to	extend	the	more	enlarged	views
	and	duties	resulting	from	the	dangers	of	the	future	life	re
	vealed	by	Jesus	Christ.
	Before	Christ	came,	the	Jews	were	not	required	to	go	forth
	to	other	nations	as	teachers	of	religion,	nor	were	the	Jewish
	nation	led	to	obedience	by	motives	of	a	life	to	come.	To
	them	God	was	revealed	both	as	a	Father	and	a	civil	ruler,
	and	obedience	to	laws	relating	solely	to	this	life	was	all	that
	was	required.	So	low	were	they,	in	the	scale	of	civilization
	and	mental	development,	that	a	system	which	confined	them
	to	one	spot	as	an	agricultural	people,	and	prevented	their
	growing	very	rich	or	having	extensive	commerce	with	oth
	er	nations,	was	indispensable	to	prevent	their	relapsing	into
	the	low	idolatries	and	vices	of	the	nations	around	them,
	while	temporal	rewards	and	penalties	were	more	effective
	than	those	of	a	life	to	come.	Such	faith	in	God,	his	laws,


THE	EIGHT	USE	OP	TIME	AND	PROPERTY.	379
	improved	by	that	kind	of	discipline	which	exists	when	there
	is	something	valuable	to	be	gained	by	industrious	efforts.
	This	stimulus	to	industry	could	never	exist	in	a	community
	where	all	are	just	alike,	as	it	does	in	a	state	of	society	where
	every	man	sees	possessed	by	others	enjoyments	which	he
	desires,	and	may	secure	by	effort	and	industry.	So,	in	a
	community	where	all	are	alike	as	to	property,	there	would
	be	no	chance	to	gain	that	noblest	of	all	attainments,	a	habit
	of	self-denying	benevolence	which	toils	for	the	good	of
	others,	and	takes	from	one's	own	store	to	increase	the	enjoy
	ments	of	another.
	Instead,	then,	of	the	stagnation,	both	of	industry	and	of
	benevolence,	which	would	follow	the	universal	and	equable
	distribution	of	property,	some	men,	by	superior	advantages
	of	birth,	or	intellect,	or	patronage,	come	into	possession	of	a
	great	amount	of	capital.	With	these	means	they	are	en
	abled,	by	study,	reading,	and	travel,	to	secure	expansion	of
	mind,	and	just	views	of	the	relative	advantages	of	moral,
	intellectual,	and	physical	enjoyments.	At	the	same	time,
	Christianity	imposes	obligations	corresponding	with	the	in
	crease	of	advantages	and	means.	The	rich	are	not	at	liber
	ty	to	spend	their	treasures	chiefly	for	themselves.	Their
	wealth	is	given	by	God,	to	be	employed	for	the	best	good
	of	mankind	;	and	their	intellectual	advantages	are	designed,
	primarily,	to	enable	them	to	judge	correctly	in	employing
	their	means	most	wisely	for	the	general	good.
	Now	suppose	a	man	of	wealth	inherits	ten	thousand	acres
	of	real	estate	;	it	is	not	his	duty	to	divide	it	among	his	poor
	neighbors	and	tenants.	If	he	took	this	course,	it	is	probable
	that	most	of	them	would	spend	all	in	thriftless	waste	and
	indolence,	or	in	mere	physical	enjoyments.	Instead,	then,
	of	thus	putting	his	capital	out	of	his	hands,	he	is	bound	to
	retain	and	so	to	employ	it	as	to	raise	his	family	and	his
	neighbors	to	such	a	state	of	virtue	and	intelligence	that	they
	can	secure	far	more,	by	their	own	efforts	and	industry,	than
	he,	by	dividing	his	capital,	could	bestow	upon	them.
	In	ttiis	view	of	the	subject,	it	is	manifest	that	the	unequal
	distribution	of	property	is	no	evil.	The	great	difficulty	is,
	that	so	large	a	portion	of	those	who	hold	much	capital,	in-


THE	EIGHT	USE	OF	TIME	AND	PROPERTY.	389
	unless	there	is	a	large	proportion	of	intelligent,	benevolent,
	and	self-denying	persons	who	unite	in	a	systematic	plan.
	But	there	is	one	species	of	"charity"	which	needs	especial
	consideration.	It	is	that	spirit	of	kindly	love	which	induces
	us	to	refrain	from	judging	of	the	means	and	the	relative
	charities	of	other	persons.	There	have	been	such	indistinct
	notions,	and	so	many	different	standards	of	duty	on	this	sub
	ject,	that	it	is	rare	for	two	persons	to	think	exactly	alike	in
	regard	to	the	rule	of	duty.	Each	person	is	bound	to	inquire
	and	judge	for	himself	as	to	his	own	duty	or	deficiencies	;	but
	as	both	the	resources	and	the	amount	of	the	actual	charities
	of	others	are	beyond	our	ken,	it	is	as	indecorous	as	it	is	un
	charitable	to	sit	in	judgment	on	their	decisions.


THE	CARE	OF	INFANTS.	399
	easily.	Removal	of	the	tartar	by	a	dentist	and	cleaning	the
	teeth	after	every	meal	with	a	brush	will	usually	cure	this
	evil,	which	causes	loosening	of	the	teeth	and	a	bad	breath.
	Much	injury	is	often	done	to	teeth	by	using	improper
	tooth-powder.	The	tooth-brush	should	be	used	after	every
	meal,	and	floss	silk	pressed	between	the	teeth	to	remove	food
	lodged	there.	This	method	will	usually	save	the	teeth	from
	decay	till	old	age,	and	there	is	no	need	of	tooth-powder.
	When	an	infant	seems	ill	during	the	period	of	dentition,
	the	following	directions	from	an	experienced	physician	may
	be	of	service.	It	is	now	an	accepted	principle	of	the	med
	ical	world	that	fevers	are	to	be	reduced	by	cold	applica
	tions;	but	an	infant	demands	careful	and	judicious	treat
	ment	in	this	direction	;	some	have	extremely	sensitive	nerves,
	and	cold	is	painful.	For	such,	tepid	sponging	should	be
	used	near	a	fire,	and	the	coldness	increased	gradually.	The
	sensations	of	the	child	should	be	the	guide.	Usually,	but
	not	always,	children	that	are	healthy	will	learn	by	degrees
	to	prefer	cold	water,	and	then	it	may	safely	be	used.
	When	an	infant	becomes	feverish,	wrapping	its	body	in	a
	towel	wrung	out	in	tepid	or	cold	water,	and	then	keeping
	it	warm	in	a	woolen	blanket,	is	a	very	safe	and	soothing
	remedy.
	In	case	of	constipation,	this	preparation	of	food	is	useful	:
	One	table-spoonful	of	unbolted	flour	wet	with	cold	water.
	Add	one	pint	of	hot	water,	and	boil	twenty	minutes.	Add,
	when	taken	up,	one	pint	of	milk.	If	the	stomach	seems	deli
	cate	and	irritable,	strain	out	the	bran,	but	in	most	cases	re
	tain	it.
	Where	the	mother's	milk	fails,	and	good	cow's	milk	can
	not	be	insured,	there	are	preparations	of	oat-meal	and	bar
	ley-meal	that	are	next	best.	These	may	be	used	when	the
	mother's	milk	is	injured	by	ill	health.	A	trial	must	be	made
	to	see	which	is	best.	Make	a	thin	gruel,	and	add	half	a	tea-
	spoonful	of	condensed	milk,	or	four	great,	spoonfuls	of	milk
	to	a	coffee-cup	of	the	gruel	for	a	young	infant,	and	a	full
	one	for	an	older	child.
	In	case	of	diarrhea,	walk	with	the	child	in	arms	a	great
	deal	in	the	open	air,	and	give	it	rice-water	to	drink.


FAMILY	EELIGIOUS	TRAINING.	421
	wisdom	is	"	that	which	chooses	the	best	means	for	the	best
	ends,"	and	perfect	benevolence	is	"that	which	seeks	to	make
	the	most	possible	happiness	with	the	least	possible	suffering."
	Therefore,	when	God	reveals	himself	as	perfect	in	wisdom
	and	goodness,	it	is	the	same	as	saying	that	he	has	done,	and
	will	do,	all	in	his	power	to	save	from	sin	and	suffering.	Al
	mighty	power*	does	not	signify	power	to	work	contradictions
	or	absurdities	;	and	all	theologians	teach	that	there	is	a	lim
	itation	of	power	in	the	nature	of	things.	Thus	some	say	God
	can	not	forgive	sin	without	an	atonement;	others,	that	he
	can	not	lie	;	others,	that	he	"	can	not	govern	the	stars	by	the
	ten	commandments,	nor	free	agents	by	the	attraction	of
	gravity."	And	God	says	of	his	people	Israel,	"	What	could
	I	have	done	that	I	have	not	done	"	to	secure	their	obedience.
	God's	inability	to	save	all	is	expressly	stated	when	he	de
	clares	that	he	is	"	not	willing	that	any	should	perish."	The
	only	proof	of	want	of	power	to	do	something	is	to	will	it
	done,	and	yet	it	remains	undone.	And	God	declares	that	he
	is	not	willing	to	have	any	one	perish.	Still	more	effectively
	is	this	proved	by	his	suffering	and	that	of	his	dear	Son,	when
	Christ	came.	No	sane	mind	ever	suffers	pain	to	gain	an	end
	when	it	could	be	gained	without	suffering	;	and	the	revela
	tion	of	God	as	having	suffered	so	greatly,	is	the	highest	proof
	that	can	be	given	that	his	power	is	limited	in	controlling	free
	agents	by	the	very	nature	of	free	agency.	In	his	hour	of	ex
	tremity,	our	Lord	prayed,"	If	it	be	possible,	remove	this	cup	;"
	thus	indicating	that	almighty	power	signifies	power	to	do	all
	possible	things,	and	that	some	things	are	not	possible	even
	to	God.
	The	first	question	being	settled,	that	there	are	dangers	to
	be	met	after	death,	the	next	is,	"What	must	we	do	to	-be
	,	saved?"
	Here	the	Christian	churches	are	divided,	and	on	a	funda
	mental	point,	which	briefly	is	this	:	One	class	claims	that
	God	has	the	power	to	create	minds	so	that,	without	any	pre
	vious	knowledge	or	training,	they	shall	not	only	know	what
	is	right,	but	have	a	controlling	principle	that	in	all	cases	will
	secure	right	choice,	and	that	the	minds	of	all	angels	and	of
	our	first	parents	were	made	on	this	pattern.	But	owing	to
	Adam's	sin,	all	infants	are	born	without	this	perfect	organ-


470
	IXDEX.
	Fever,	drink	for	a,	102.
	Figs,	where	raised,	358.
	Filberts,	where	raised,	358.
	Fine-flour	bread,	C6.
	ire,	in	case	of,	369.
	Fire-blight	in	pear-trees,	360.
	Fire-places,	the	advantages	of	open,	166.
	Fires	and	lights,	324.
	Fish,	selection	of,	22	;	to	salt	down,	23	;
	directions	for	cooking,	5S.
	Fishing	as	a	sport,	440.
	Fitting	dresses,	hints	on,	361.
	Flannel	shirts	save	washing,	112.
	Flavoring	powders,	33.
	Floating	island,	98.
	Flour,	how	it	should	be	kept,	104.
	Flour	puddings,	flour	and	fruit	puddings,
	T5;	a	rich,	80.
	Flower-seeds,	planting,	350.
	Flowers,	appropriate	for	baskets,	19T	;	in
	a	room,	to	cultivate,	197.
	Fluids	as	food,	224.
	Flummery,	96.
	Folding,	sprinkling,	and	ironing,	118.
	Folding	clothing,	directions	for,	342.
	Food,	on	the	conversion	of,	into	nourish
	ment,	214	;	responsibility	as	to,	in	a	fam
	ily,	214	;	on	taking	too	much,	214;	pro
	portion	of	nutritive	elements	in,	215;
	on	one	kind	of,	for	each	meal,	21T	;	quan
	tity	of,	to	be	graduated	by	exercise,	217;
	on	the	quality	of,	221	;	stimulating,	221	;
	animal	and	vegetable,	221;	kinds	of,
	most	easily	digested,	222;	injurious,
	from	bad	cooking,	222	;	on	eating	too
	fast,	222	;	on	exercise,	after	taking,	223	;
	on	hot	and	cold,	223	;	highly	concen
	trated,	224	;	for	the	sicb>	318.
	Forewarn	instead	of	find	fault,	432.
	Foul	air,	the	evils	of,	158,	et	ssq.
	Fowls,	boiled,	43	;	fricasseed,	43.
	Fragile	ware,	to	preserve,	122.
	French	cooking,	the	peculiar	excellence
	of,	34.
	French	vegetable	soup,	38.
	Fresh-meat	hash,	39.
	Fricasseed	fowl,	43.
	Fried	meats	and	relishes,	50.
	Fried	oysters,	58.
	Fritters	of	oysters,	58.
	Frizzled	beef,	51.
	Fruit,	cultivation	of,	357.
	Fruit	and	bread-crumb	pudding,	79.
	Fruit	and	rice	dessert,	80.
	Fruit-cake,	87.
	Fruit	pudding,	boiled,	77.
	Frying,	unhealthful	mode	of	cooking,	50.
	Fuel	saved	by	cottage	stove,	188.
	Furnace-heat	pernicious,	178,	et	seq.
	Furniture,	to	cleanse	or	renovate,	122	;	the
	selection	of,	128,	330.
	Games	of	skill	for	children,	449.
	Garden	seeds,	planting,	350.
	Gardening	a	recreation	for	the	young,	447.
	Gardens	and	yard,	care	of,	349.
	Ganglionic	system,	the,	204.
	Garnishing	dishes,	modes	of,	111.
	Gastric	juice,	supply	of,	218.
	Gherkins,	pickled,	53.
	Gingerbread,	88.
	Ginger-snaps	and	seed	cookies,	88.
	Gold	and	silver	cake,	87.
	Good	breeding,	principles	of,	260.
	Gooseberries,	how	propagated,	358.
	Gouffee's	recipes,	33.
	Grafting	and	budding,	353.
	Grapes,	easy	way	to	keep,	125	;	to	raise,
	359.
	Grates	and	stoves,	324.
	Gravies,	always	to	be	strained,	46	;	brown
	flour	for	meat,	46.
	Grease	and	stains,	mixtures	for	removing,
	120,	124.
	Grease-spots,	to	remove,	124.
	Greens,	how	prepared,	lil.
	Green	corn,	how	to	cook,	61	;	pudding,
	81	;	patties,	82.
	Ground-plan	of	a	house,	134.
	Gruels,	water	and	oat-meal,	102.
	Habits	of	system	and	order,	281,	et	seq.
	Hair,	laws	of	health	for	the,	457.
	Ham,	selection	of,	21	;	recipe	for	molasses-
	cured,	24;	brine	for	pickling,	25;	to
	smoke,	26	;	hash	of	cold,	41	;	boiled,	43;
	how	to	keep,	108	;	broiled	eggs	for,	111.
	Hard	yeast,	66.
	Hashes,	common	way	of	spoiling,	39	;
	fresh	meat,	cold	meat	and	potatoes,	with
	eggs,	39	;	with	tomatoes,	nice	beef,	veal,
	rice	and	cold	meat,	bread-crumbs	and
	cold	meat,	cold	beef-steak,	40	;	cold	mut
	ton	or	venison,	corned	beef,	cold	ham,
	meats	warmed	over,	cold	meats,.	41;
	souse,	tripe,	42	;	how	to	dish,	111.
	Hasty	pudding	or	mush,	77.
	Health,	the	care	of,	129,	199.


A-	HC*
	47C
	INDEX.
	Lungs,	the	human,	151	;	laws	of	health
	for,	456.
	Lye,	to	make,	115.
	Macaroni,	how	purchased	and	kept,	105.
	Macaroni	pudding,	81.
	Mahogany	furniture,	333.
	Mangoes,	pickled,	54,
	Manners	at	home	and	in	society,	260,	et
	seq.
	Manners	to	servants,	435.
	Marketing,	18.
	Marmalade,	quince,	94	;	orange,	97.
	Martinoes,	to	pickle,	54.
	Mattresses,	139,	341.
	Measures	of	quantity,	28.
	Meat	and	rusk	puddings,	76.
	Mechanical	skill	developed	in	children,
	450.
	Medicines,	the	use	of,	314,	et	seq.
	Melancholy,	condition	of,	297.
	Mental	health	and	disease,	294,	et	seq.
	Metal	dishes,	never	cool	soup	in,	35.
	Mice	and	rats,	to	get	rid	of,	124.
	Mildew,	to	remove,	119.
	Milk	and	egg	sauce,	56.
	Milk,	dangerous	use	of,	101	;	as	a	drink,
	233.
	Milk	lemonade,	101.
	Mint	sauce	for	lamb,	56.
	Minute	pudding	of	potato	starch,	78.
	Mock	cream,	79.
	Model	ventilation,	172,	et	seq.
	Moisture	in	air	necessary,	178.
	Molasses,	to	purchase	and	keep,	106.
	Moral	character,	what	constitutes,	371.
	Mucous	membrane,	the,	237.
	Muffins,	wheat,	of	flour,	fine	or	unbolted,
	72.
	Muscles,	laws	of	health	for	the,	454.
	Muscular	exercise,	208,	et	seq.
	Mush	or	hasty	pudding,	77.
	Mushrooms,	pickled,	53.	.
	Music,	considered	as	a	recreation,	448.
	Muslin	curtains,	194.
	Muslins,	to	starch,	117.
	Mutton	division	of	a	sheep,	20;	selec
	tion	of,	21	;	and	turnip	stew,	30	;	soup,
	38	;	hash,	41	;	boiled	leg	or	shoulder	of,
	44	;	roast,	47	;	pie,	48.
	Mutton	chops,	broiled,	50.
	Napkins,	table,	109.
	Nasturtions,	piekled,	53.
	Nerves,	laws	of	health	for	the,	467.
	Nervous	system,	the,	described,	202.
	Nervousness	in	sick	people,	320.
	Nettle-rash	caused	by	food,	240.
	Night	air,	prejudice	against,	160.
	Nitrate	of	silver,	antidote	for,	368.
	Novel-reading,	296,	445.
	Nursery,	selection	of	helpers	iu	the,	130.
	Nursing	the	sick,	319.
	Oat-meal	bread,	68	;	for	breakfast	or	sup
	per,	71	;	how	purchased	and	kept,	105.
	Odds	and	ends,	advice	about,	124.
	Oil,	to	purchase	and	keep,	106.
	Oil-paint,	to	remove	spots	of,	151.
	Oino-mania,	disease	of	the	brain,	228.
	Olla	podrida,	recipe	for,	32.
	Omelet	of	eggs,	51	;	plain,	bread,	apple,
	63;	oysters,	58.
	One,	two,	three,	four	cake,	86.
	Onions,	used	as	flavoring,	35;	pickled,	53	;
	to	cook,	62.
	Open	fire-places,	165	;	the	advantages	of,
	166.
	Opium,	the	use	of,	233	;	antidote	for,
	369.
	Orange-cake,	86	;	marmalade,	97	;	jelly,
	98;	peel,	107.
	Ornamental	froth,	98.
	Ornamentation	of	a	house,	128.
	Orphan	asylum	^at	Albany,	treatment	of
	children	in	the,	401.
	Oyster	plant,	or	salsify,	to	cook,	61.
	Oysters,	stewed,	fried,	fritters,	scalloped,
	broiled,	omelet,	pickled,	58	;	roast,	59.
	Ox-muzzle	made	into	an	ornament,	196.
	Oxygen,	amount	of	in	full-grown	man,
	150.
	Packing	and	storing	articles,	342.
	Panada,	102.
	Pancreas	gland,	the,	238.
	Pan	dowdy,	76.
	Paper	to	keep	preserves,	123.
	Paralysis	of	portion	of	the	brain,	206.
	Parlor	cheaply	furnished,	195.
	Parsley,	as	a	garnish,	111.
	Parsnips,	how	to	cook,	62.
	Partridges,	to	boil,	45.
	Paste	for	puddings	and	pies	shouldbe	ban
	ished	from	every	table,	83	;	pie-crusts,
	83	;	directions	for	making	rich	pie
	crusts,	84.
	Patties	of	green	corn,	like	oysters,	82.


INDEX.
	481
	87;	mutton,	French	vegetable,	plain
	calf	s	head,	38.
	Souse,	42.
	Soy,	a	fashionable	sauce,	110.
	Spanish	olla	podrida,	recipe	for,	32.
	Spencer	(Herbert),	on	treatment	of	off
	spring,	390.
	Spermaceti,	to	remove	spots	of,	121.
	Spiced	apple-tarts,	81.
	Spices,	how	purchased	and	kept,	10T.
	Spine,	the	human,	244.
	Split-grafting,	355.
	Sponge-cake,	rich,	8T	;	plain,	88.
	Sprains,	remedies	for,	366.
	Sprinkling,	folding,	and	ironing,	118.
	Squash	and	pumpkin,	how	to	cook,	62	;
	pie,	79.
	Stains	and	grease,	mixtures	for	removing,
	119,	120.
	Stale-bread	pudding,	78.
	Starch,	to	purchase	and	keep,	107	;	to	pre
	pare,	116.
	Starching	muslins	and	laces,	117.
	Steam-coils	for	warming	dwellings,	180.
	Steam-doctors,	240.
	Stew	or	soup	kettle,	28.
	Stewed	oysters,	58.
	Stews,	general	directions	for,	29	;	varie
	ties	of,	30.
	Stimulants	unnecessary,	225.
	Stimulating	food,	221.
	Stock	for	soap,	36.
	Store-room,	cool	and	dry	place	indispens
	able,	104	;	plan	for	a,	141	;	the	care	of,
	348.
	Stores,	providing	and	care	of	family,	103.
	Stoves	and	grates,	324.
	Stoves	are	economical,	177	;	for	cooking,
	182	;	durability	of	the	cottage	-	stove,
	187.
	Stowe's,	Mrs.,	"House	and	Home	Pa
	pers,"	155,	425.
	Strawberries,	to	preserve,	93	;	the	proper
	soil	for,	358.
	Strawberry-ice,	96;	whisk,	96;	vinegar,
	101.
	Straw-matting	for	chambers,	332.
	Strong-flavored	meats,	110.	^
	Strychnine,	antidote	for,	369.
	Succotash,	how	to	cook,	61.
	Suffocation	through	defective	floes,	191.
	Sugar	an	unwholesome	diet,	74.
	Sugars,	how	purchased	and	kept,	105.
	Suitable	meats	and	vegetables,	110.
	Supper-dishes,	70-73.
	Sweet	herbs,	how	preserved,	107.
	Sweet	potatoes,	to	cook,	61.
	Sweet-breads,	calf's,	44	;	broiled,	50.
	Swine,	care	of,	310.
	System	and	order,	habits	of,	281,	et	seq.
	Table	furniture,	336.
	Table	manners,	268.
	Tables,	art	of	setting,	109,	336	;	rules	for
	setting,	337;	for	dinners,	337;	waiting
	on,	338.
	Tapioca,	how	purchased	and	kept,	105	;
	as	a	pudding,	78.
	Tar,	to	remove	spots	of,	120.
	Taylor's,	Dr.	George,	movement	cure,	207.
	Tea,	to	make,	100	;	cream	for,	101	;	the
	purchase	of,	107	;	for	children,	230	;	as	a
	beverage,	231.
	Teeth,	laws	of	health	for	the,	457.
	Temper,	preservation	of	good,	274,	et	seq.
	Theatres,	regarding,	443.
	Thinning	fruit	on	trees,	356.
	Third	bread,	68.
	Tight-lacing,	the	evils	of,	247,	et	seq.
	Time	and	property,	right	use	of,	370,	et	seq.
	Time,	on	apportioning,	375;	on	saving,
	376	;	devoted	by	Jews	to	religion,	377.
	Tin	ware	for	kitchen,	346.
	Toast	and	cider,	101.
	Tobacco,	the	use	of,	233.
	Tomatoes,	with	meat	-	hash,	40	;	pickled,
	52	;	excellent	way	of	preparing,	54	;	to
	cook,	62	;	sirup,	102.
	Tongues,	to	boil	smoked,	44.
	Tortures	inflicted	by	fashion,	249.
	Tough	beef,	how	to	boil,	43.
	Training	necessary	for	women,	127.
	Transplanting,	directions	for,	351	;	for
	trees,	352.
	Trials	of	a	housekeeper,	275,	et	seq.
	Tripe,	42.
	Turkeys,	to	boil,	45	;	salad,	57.
	Turkish	stew,	or	pilaff,	32.
	Turpentine,	to	remove	spots	of,	120.
	Typhoid	fever	and	the	microscope,	161.
	Tyranny	of	servants,	435.
	Unbolted	flour	to	be	kept	in	kegs,	105.
	Variety	at	meals,	219.
	Variety	of	food	necessary,	104.
	Varnished	articles,	to	remove	stains	on,
	121.
	21


TABLE	OF	CONTENTS-	-William	Duncan	Allen
	INTRODUCTION-	-by	Dr.	Ruth	Love	i
	INTERVIEW	HISTORY--by	Caroline	Crawford	ii
	BIOGRAPHICAL	INFORMATION	iv
	I	EARLY	YEARS:	1906-1924
	Home	and	Family	in	Portland,	Oregon	1
	Music	Education	4
	First	Assignment	as	an	Accompanist
	The	Golden	West	Hotel;	Music	in	the	Churches	9
	The	Allen	Grandparents	and	a	Summer	Home	in	Washington	11
	II	THE	TWENTIES:	MUSIC	STUDIES	14
	Oberlin	College:	1924-1928	14
	Juilliard	School	of	Music,	and	Life	in	New	York:	1929-1930
	Memories	of	Marian	Anderson	19
	III	THE	THIRTIES:	WASHINGTON,	D.C.,	NEW	YORK	CITY,	NASHVILLE,
	AND	A	FELLOWSHIP	IN	POLAND	22
	Working	at	Howard	University,	1929-1935,	and	Performing	at
	the	White	House	22
	Bringing	a	Brother	to	Howard	University	in	1934	and	Segregation
	in	Washington,	D.C.	25
	American	Federation	of	Musicians,	Local	802	28
	Going	to	Fisk	University,	1936-1943,	and	a	Year	with	Egon
	Petri	in	Poland	29
	Back	in	New	York,	1939:	Isabella	Vengerova	and	the	Mannes
	School	of	Music	34
	Career	Aspirations	35
	More	about	Fisk	37
	IV	THE	FORTIES:	TOURING	WITH	TODD	DUNCAN	40
	Todd	Duncan,	George	Gershwin,	and	Porgy	and	Bess	40
	Australia	and	New	Zealand:	1945	and	1947	42
	Touring	in	South	American	and	the	Caribbean:	1951	45
	Touring	and	Segregation	46
	A	Family	Album	and	a	Family	Cookbook	48
	V	THE	FIFTIES:	COMING	TO	CALIFORNIA	51
	Settling	in	San	Francisco	and	Touring	the	Coast	51
	Remembering	Leontyne	Price	and	Paul	Robeson	54
	A	New	Generation	of	Black	Artists	58
	Thoughts	about	Black	Music	Critics	and	Composers	58
	Teaching	and	Reviewing	Music	in	San	Francisco	61
	Meeting	William	Grant	Still	and	Howard	Swanson	62
	Associations	and	Activities:	The	National	Association	.
	of	Negro	Musicians	64


ii
	INTERVIEW	HISTORY-	-William	Duncan	Allen
	William	Duncan	Allen	at	age	eighty-nine	sits	at	the	concert	grand
	onstage,	wrapping	his	facile	fingers	around	Robert	Nathaniel	Dett's	long-
	lined,	cheerful	Juba	Dance,	a	piece	that	appeared	on	concert	programs
	around	the	world	when	he	accompanied	the	great	American	baritone,	Todd
	Duncan,	on	tour.	Dr.	Allen	needs	no	music-	-his	memory	is	as	keen	as	when
	he	played	the	piece	from	Brazil	to	New	Zealand	in	the	1940s	and	1950s,	and
	it	is	a	memory	that	extends	back	in	time	to	the	smallest	details	of	his
	childhood,	as	well	as	to	people	and	places	he	has	known	and	worked	with
	over	many	decades.
	Known	as	"the	consummate	collaborator,"	William	Duncan	Allen	was	born
	into	a	black	family	in	Portland,	Oregon,	in	1906,	and	has	been	at	the	piano
	for	roughly	eighty-five	of	his	nearly	ninety	years.	He	has	been
	accompanist,	soloist,	teacher,	and	writer	on	music,	a	subject	about	which
	he	is	as	passionate	as	it	is	possible	to	be.
	Dr.	Allenthe	honorary	doctorate	was	given	by	Berkeley's	Center	for
	Urban	Black	Studieswas	recommended	for	an	oral	history	by	Professor	Oily
	Wilson,	composer	and	chairman	of	the	music	department	at	UC	Berkeley.
	Others	whom	he	inspired	within	and	outside	the	black	community	joined	the
	chorus	before	we	got	started:	Madi	Bacon,	founder	of	the	San	Francisco	Boys
	Chorus;	Lorice	Stevens,	an	Oakland	singer	with	whom	Dr.	Allen	performed	at
	Carnegie	Hall	(and	with	whom	he	works	often	today);	and	Patricia	Freeman,
	who	organized	the	grand	eighty-fifth	birthday	celebration	at	Oakland's
	Calvin	Simmons	Theater	in	1991.	Mr.	Allen	agreed	to	the	interviews
	immediately,	and	we	arranged	to	meet	at	The	Bancroft	Library	in	May	of
	1995.
	Dr.	Allen	arrived	at	the	initial	interview	with	an	armory	of
	memorabilia.	Scrapbooks	filled	with	family	photographs,	concert	programs,
	music	columns,	family	recipes	submitted	by	Mr.	Allen	to	(and	printed	in)
	Gourmet	magazine,	even	a	cookbook	written	by	two	young	women	related	by
	marriage	to	an	aunt	and	published	by	Doubleday	entitled	Spoonbread	and
	Strawberry	Wine.	At	each	of	our	four	recording	sessions,	Mr.	Allen	talked
	vigorously	for	more	than	two	hours,	each	time	arriving	with	his	briefcase
	charged	with	new	materials.	On	one	occasion	he	showed	me	a	framed	portion
	of	the	White	House	roof,	ca.	1817,	the	gift	of	Franklin	Delano	Roosevelt
	following	a	piano	program	he	performed	at	the	White	House	in	1939.
	Dr.	Allen	reviewed	his	oral	history	transcript	early	this	year	and
	proved	the	ideal	oral	history	subject	by	approving	almost	verbatim	the
	natural	flow	of	our	conversations	as	they	were	tape	recorded.	Changes	were
	minimal	and	devoted	to	inaccuracies	of	spelling	and	fact;	additions	were
	miniatures	of	people	and	places:	the	exact	address	of	a	Harlem	cafe	from
	the	forties,	an	anecdote	about	his	hasty	retreat	from	Poland	in	1939,


Crawford:
	Allen:
	48
	engaged	me.	When	he	came	out,	we	did	three	concerts	in	the
	middle	of	California.
	Just	classical?
	Yes.
	A	Family	Album	and	a	Family	Cookbook
	Crawford	:
	Allen:
	We're	taking	a	break	and	looking	at	a	family	album,
	again	so	we	don't	lose	it.
	Say	the	name
	Crawford:
	Allen:
	Crawford:
	Allen:
	Darden,	[spells].	And	my	aunt	married	Dr.	James	Darden.	Then
	there	was	a	Dr.	John	Darden	in	Alabama,	and	a	Dr.	Walter	Darden
	in	Newark,	New	Jersey.	So	these	daughters	of	Walter	Darden
	traveled	all	through	the	country	and	compiled	this	cookbook,
	Spoonbread	and	Strawberry	Wine.
	And	this	is	the	copy	they	gave	to	Aunt	Lillian.	"To	Aunt
	Lillian:	we	deeply	appreciate	the	time,	energy,	and	support
	that	you	gave	us	during	the	preparation	of	this	book.	Thank	you
	so	much	for	sharing	your	story	and	the	Allen	story	with	us.
	Love,	Norma	Jean	and	Carol."	Here	is	[an	invitation:]
	"Doubleday	and	Company	requests	the	pleasure	of	your	company	at
	a	reception	in	honor	of	Norma	Jean	Darden	and	Carol	Darden	on
	the	publication	of	Spoonbread	and	Strawberry	Wine,	Thursday,
	November	16--"	see	here	again,	dates	are	left	out.	Well,	it	had
	to	be--
	Let's	see	the	publication	date.	[looking	through	book]
	Publication	date	1978,	it	looks	like.
	1978.	And	when	they	went	to	Aunt	Lil,	Aunt	Lil	said,	"Oh,	dear,
	I	don't	cook	any	more."
	What	a	beauty!
	Oh,	yes,	she	was.	She	said,	"I'll	give	you	my	recipes	for
	natural	beauty	preparation.	Cucumber,	watermelon,	tomato.
	Tomato	juice	is	great	for	oily	skin.	Potato,	peel	and	grate	a
	little	white	potato,	place	under	the	eyes,	good	for	relieving
	swollen	bags	and	dark	circles.	Egg,	egg	whites,	beat	and	apply
	to	face,	work	as	a	tightening	mask	to	draw	up	wrinkles.
	Peaches,	cream,	and	honey.
	Aunt	Lil	takes	this	one	literally.	Whip	up	a	little	heavy
	cream,	mash	one-half	peach,	and	mix	with	one	tablespoon	full	of


74	JOHN	MA	C	HALE,	ARCHBISHOP	OF	TUAM.
	cists	formed	public	opinion.	As	long	as	public	opinion
	among	the	dominant	Protestant	minority	in	Ireland,	as	well
	as	among	the	popular	masses	in	Great	Britain,	was	allowed
	to	remain	thus	prejudiced	and	immovably	hostile	to	Irish
	men,	so	long	would	the	double	yoke	of	religious	degradation
	and	civil	bondage	continue	to	weigh	on	their	necks.
	All	through	the	twenty-first	years	of	the	century	Daniel
	O	Connell	and	a	few	courageous	Catholics	in	Dublin	had
	labored	persistently	to	change	in	Ireland	this	powerful	cur
	rent	of	public	opinion	and	inherited	religious	prejudice.	In
	England	such	men	as	Edmund	Burke,	Grattan,	Plunkett,
	Sheridan,	and	Canning	had	pleaded	unceasingly	and	not
	without	some	effect	the	cause	of	Catholic	Emancipation.
	More	powerful,	perhaps,	than	their	joint	efforts	were	the
	songs	of	Thomas	Moore,	his	"	Irish	Melodies,"	his	ballads
	and	satires,	in	penetrating	the	homes,	the	hearts,	the	minds
	of	the	leading	classes	in	Great	Britain,	and	in	predisposing
	them,	and	with	them	the	wealthy	middle	classes,	to	sym
	pathize	with	the	country	and	the	people	of	which	the	Poet
	sang	so	divinely,	so	touchingly.	"	The	Fire	Worshippers	"
	was	dramatized	and	acted	in	the	palaces	of	the	great,	almost
	in	the	shadow	of	royalty,	by	the	noblest	men	and	women
	in	the	land.	Who	that	took	a	part	in	the	representation	did
	not	know	that	the	oppressed	Iran	was	Erin,	Ireland	?	that
	the	heroic	GJicber	was	the	Catholic	Celt?	that	the	Moslem	1
	maid,	"	Araby	s	Daughter,"	typified	the	generous	soul	of
	England,	awakening	to	the	merits	and	unmerited	misfor
	tunes	of	a	race	so	long	oppressed	?
	The	awakening,	begun	by	the	enchanting	influence	of
	Moore	s	inspired	creations,	has	been	progressing	ever	since.
	Much	as	the	Poet	may	have	misunderstood	O	Connell	and	his
	purpose,	no	man	who	has	connected	cause	and	effect	in	the
	contemporary	history	of	Ireland,	will	think	of	denying	the
	powerful	aid	given	by	the	Bard	to	the	Tribune,	not	only	in
	forwarding	Emancipation,	but	in	creating	that	public	opinion
	in	Great	Britain	from	which	we	are	sure	to	obtain	at	no
	distant	future	Repeal,	Home-Rule,	the	full	JUSTICE,,
	which	alone	will	give	lasting	peace.


of
	reminded	of	an	inscription	which	I
	found	on	a	tombstone	in	a	Vermont
	churchyard	:
	Here	lies	cut	down	like	unripe	fruit
	The	only	son	of	Amos	Toot.
	Behold	the	amazing	alteration
	Brought	about	by	inoculation	:
	The	means	employed	his	life	to	save
	Hurled	him,	untimely,	to	the	grave.
	Sometimes	the	good	housewife	has
	chosen	carefully	every	ingredient	for
	her	cake,	and	has	obeyed	conscien-
	tiously	the	mandates	of	the	cookbook.
	She	has	with	Pharisaic	scrupulosity
	taken	four	eggs	and	no	more,	and
	two	cups	of	sugar,	and	two	teaspoon-
	fuls	of	sifted	flour,	and	a	pinch	of
	baking	powder,	and	a	small	teacupf	ul
	of	hot	water.	She	has	beaten	the	eggs
	very	light	and	stirred	in	the	flour	only
	174


256	THE	DEFINITION	OF	POETRY.
	3.	The	characteristic	of	poetry	as	a	species	of	Fine	Art
	consists	in	employing	Language	as	the	medium	;	on	which
	fact	is	suspended	a	numerous	host	of	distinctive	qualities.	It
	brings	poetry	into	close	connection	with	all	regions	of	know-
	ledge	;	since	nearly	every	kind	of	knowledge	finds	embodiment
	in	speech.	One	consequence	is	the	difficulty	of	disentangling
	the	purely	poetic	effects	from	those	belonging	to	the	other
	species	of	communicated	knowledge.
	4.	In	such	a	complication,	resort	is	had	to	contrasting
	definitions	of	those	several	departments	that	become	entangled
	with	poetry.	As	respects	the	matter	these	are	Science,	Elo-
	quence,	Morality,	Religion.	As	respects	literary	form	we
	have	History,	or	Narrative,	Description,	and	Exposition;	all
	which	may	assume	both	poetical	and	unpoetical	aspects.	Poetry
	needs	a	subject,	and	while	imparting	its	own	charm,	it	avails
	itself	of	any	accidental	advantages	that	the	subject	may	intrinsi-
	cally	possess	for	aiding	in	the	effect.
	5.	While	the	end	of	poetry	can,	with	more	or	less	difficulty,
	be	distinguished	from	the	ends	of	other	species	of	verbal
	composition,	its	means	can	also	be	distinguished.	The
	Rhetorical	art	provides	a	full	examination	of	all	the	devices,
	verbal	and	other,	for	fulfilling	the	end	of	poetry,	as	such.
	6.	The	scope	of	poetry	is	closely	implicated	with	the	three
	great	attributes,	named,	respectively,	Concreteness,	Harmony,
	and	Ideality,	whose	meanings,	fully	understood,	go	far	to	con-
	fine	the	poetical	art	within	its	legitimate	boundaries.	The
	discussion	of	Ideality,	in	particular,	is	specially	valuable	for
	showing	clearly	the	difference	between	poetic	and	unpoetic	form.
	7.	The	element	of	verse	enters	into	poetry	in	its	purest
	type.	A	modified	form	of	the	poetic	species	assumes	the	garb
	of	prose,	and	though	adapted	to	a	difference	of	mood	in	the
	reader,	has	yet	so	much	of	the	essence	of	poetry	as	to	be	more
	properly	included	with	it,	than	with	any	other	class	of	literary
	compositions.


Missions	and	Modern	History
	not	be	worth	the	chronicling	were	it	not	for	the	importance	given	them	by	the
	native	mind.	Even	some	Americans	thought	themselves	compelled	to	seek	the
	reason	for	the	over-friendly	attitude	maintained	by	the	military	governor	towards
	the	Catholic	Church	in	his	own	conversion	of	Rome.	There	appears	to	be	no
	foundation	for	such	an	opinion	other	than	the	appearance	of	the	name	of	Col.	E.
	S.	Otis	in	the	list	of	Prominent	Converts	to	Catholicism,	in	the	appendix	of	the
	fifth	edition	of	Catholic	and	Protestant	Countries	Compared.	Certain	it	is	that
	for	political	or	other	reasons,	Mr.	Rodgers	was	little	more	than	tolerated	in	Ma
	nila	when	he	first	arrived.	No	governor-general	s	launch	took	him	in	honour
	from	the	ship	to	shore,	and	it	is	safe	to	say	that	an	indiscretion	on	his	part	would
	have	resulted	in	his	deportation	and	a	serious	postponement	of	missionary	activ
	ity.	By	his	unfailing	tact,	he	was	able	to	open	services	and	awaken	a	decided
	interest	among	the	natives	without	giving	the	authorities	an	excuse	for	interfer-
	It	was	too	much	to	expect	that	General	Otis	should	treat	an	un
	known	Protestant	missionary	as	he	treated	a	well-known	Catholic
	Archbishop.	But	it	was	not	too	much	to	expect	that	Protestantism
	should	not	be	snubbed	and	its	entrance	as	a	missionary	force	dis
	countenanced,	as	was	improperly	done.	And	even	since	civil	Gov
	ernment	has	been	established,	the	general	attitude	of	the	Commission,
	if	it	has	not	encouraged	Catholicism,	as	assuredly	it	has	not	inten
	tionally	done	by	any	political	partiality,	has	yet	fostered	the	notion
	that	the	Protestant	Churches	are	inconsequential	and	religion	not	an
	essential	part	of	American	life.	In	a	sermon	preached	at	Manila	on
	December	21,	1902,	by	the	Rev.	George	F.	Pentecost,	D.D.,	LL.D.,
	the	preacher	referred	boldly	to	this	fact	:
	"	In	a	recent	Thanksgiving	sermon	preached	from	this	platform,	T	ventured	to
	call	attention	to	the	regrettable	fact	that	no	American	member	of	the	Civil	Com
	mission	for	the	Government	of	these	Islands	participated	in	the	public	worship	of
	God	on	the	Lord	s	Day,	and	that	the	sanctity	of	the	Lord	s	Day	was	habitually
	invaded	and	desecrated	by	the	needless	transaction	of	public	business;	and	that
	this	public	and	official	example	was	being	followed	by	the	more	prominent	Amer
	icans	in	Manila	;	and	that	it	was	the	common	belief	that	there	was	some	implicit
	policy	on	the	part	of	the	Government	to	discourage	the	worship	of	God	in	Prot
	estant	Christian	Churches	in	this	city	and	throughout	these	Islands.	I	am	more	than
	happy	to	say	that	the	Governor	assures	me	that	there	is	no	such	policy	either	ex
	plicit	or	implicit	on	the	part	of	the	Insular	Government,	but	only	that	the	unani
	mous	non-churchgoing	habit	of	high	Government	officials	is	a	pure	coincidence,
	arising	from	the	fact	that	the	American	members	of	the	Commission	are	all	non-
	1	The	Cross	of	Christ	in	Bolo-Land	t	pp.	49,	50.


JOHN	MARVEL,	ASSISTANT
	by	his	face	and	the	direction	of	his	eye	that	the	John
	he	wanted	to	see	wore	an	adorable	hat	and	a	quiet,	but
	dainty	tailor-made	suit	and	had	a	face	as	lovely	as	a	rose.
	I	was	in	such	a	humor	that	I	flung	off	down	the	street,
	swearing	that	every	man	I	knew	was	in	love	with	her,
	and	it	was	not	until	ten	o	clock	that	night,	when	I	went
	to	John	s	whither	I	was	drawn	by	an	irresistible	de
	sire	to	talk	about	her	and	find	out	how	matters	stood
	between	them	and	he	told	me	that	she	had	asked
	where	I	had	gone,	that	I	got	over	my	temper.
	"Why,	what	made	you	run	off	so?"	he	inquired.
	"	When	?	"	I	knew	perfectly	what	he	meant.
	"Immediately	after	we	let	out."
	"My	dear	fellow,	I	was	through,	and	besides	I
	thought	you	had	pleasanter	company."	I	said	this
	with	my	eyes	on	his	face	to	see	him	suddenly	redden.
	But	he	answered	with	a	naturalness	which	put	me	to
	shame.
	"Yes,	Miss	Leigh	has	been	trying	to	get	a	place	for	a
	poor	man	your	client	by	the	way	and	then	she	was
	talking	to	me	about	a	little	entertainment	for	the	chil
	dren	and	their	parents,	too.	She	is	always	trying	to	do
	something	for	them.	And	she	was	sorry	not	to	get	a
	chance	to	speak	further	to	you.	She	said	you	had
	helped	her	about	her	fire	and	she	had	never	thanked	you."
	It	is	surprising	how	quickly	the	sun	can	burst	from
	the	thickest	clouds	for	a	man	in	love.	I	suddenly	won
	dered	that	Miss	Leigh	among	her	good	works	did	not
	continually	ask	about	me	and	send	me	messages.	It
	made	me	so	happy.
	282


16	MEMORIAL	DAY
	A	MONUMENT	FOR	THE	SOLDIER	1
	BY	JAMES	WHITCOMB	RILEY
	A	monument	for	the	Soldiers!
	And	what	will	ye	build	it	of?
	Can	ye	build	it	of	marble,	or	brass,	or	bronze,
	Outlasting	the	Soldiers	love?
	Can	ye	glorify	it	with	legends
	As	grand	as	their	blood	hath	writ
	From	the	inmost	shrine	of	this	land	of	thine
	To	the	outermost	verge	of	it?
	And	the	answer	came:	We	would	build	it
	Out	of	our	hopes	made	sure,
	And	out	of	our	purest	prayers	and	tears,
	And	out	of	our	faith	secure:
	We	would	build	it	out	of	the	great	white	truths
	Their	death	hath	sanctified,
	And	the	sculptured	forms	of	the	men	in	arms,
	And	their	faces	ere	they	died.
	And	what	heroic	figures
	Can	the	sculptor	carve	in	stone?
	Can	the	marble	breast	be	made	to	bleed,
	And	the	marble	lips	to	moan?
	Can	the	marble	brow	be	fevered	?
	And	the	marble	eyes	be	graved
	To	look	their	last,	as	the	flag	floats	past,
	On	the	country	they	have	saved	?
	1	From	"	Green	Fields	and	Running	Brooks,"	1892,	Bobbs-
	Merrill	Co.


OF	NEW	BRITAIN.	415
	2.	Olive	Maria,	born	April	27th,	1829,	see	No.	(1032.)
	3.	Franklin	Minor,	bora	Dec.	13th,	1832,	see	No.	(1238.)
	4.	Emily	Ann,	born	Dec.	17th,	1834,	see	No.	(1108.)
	1032.	"OLIVE	JEROME,"	to	church	June	4th,	1848,	by	letter	from
	First	church	in	Harwinton,	Ct.,	Rev.	Charles	Bentley,	pastor,	born	April
	27th,	1829,	at	Burlington,	to	No.	(1030,)	died	Feb.	24th,	1851,	aged	22,
	at	her	father's	in	New	Britain,	after	severe	bodily	suffering.
	1033.	"	ELLEN	HART."	to	church	Dec.	3d,	1848,	born	Feb.	23d,	1828,
	to	No.	(954,)	and	his	wife,	No.	(385,)	educated	at	Holyoke	Seminary;
	married	June	15th,	1853,	No.	(943.)
	1034.	"ALMIRA,	wife	of	Horace	Booth,"	to	church	Dec.	24th,	1848,	by
	letter	from	the	Methodist	church	in	Newington,	her	maiden	name,	Beck-
	ley,	daughter	of	Solomon,	and	his	wife	Lucretia	(Evans,)	born	Jan.	3d,
	1834,	married	May	5th,	1847,	No.	(793.)
	1035.	"CHARLOTTE,	wife	of	Thomas	Tracy,"	to	church	Feb.	llth,
	1819,	by	letter	from	First	Congregational	church	in	Wethersfield,	Rev.
	Mark	Tucker,	D.	D.,	pastor,	born	May	15th,	1810,	at	Wethersfield,	to
	Daniel	Russell,	and	his	wife	Lucy	(Gilbert,)	married	Sept.	23d,	1847,
	No.	(856,)	and	was	his	second	wife.	She	died	March	25th,	1867,	in	her
	57th	year.
	1036.	"AsAPH	PEASE,"	to	church	April	1st,	1849,	by	letter	from
	church	in	Winsted,	Ct.,	Rev.	J.	Pettibone,	pastor,	born	Oct.	18th,	1776,
	at	Enfield,	Ct.,	to	Noadiah,	and	his	wife	Tirzah	(Smith,)	of	Glastenbury,
	married	Feb.	4th,	1805,	No.	(1037.)	He	was	by	trade	a	shoe-maker
	and	tanner,	as	was	his	father	;	lived	in	Sandisfield,	Mass.,	and	in	Win-
	chester,	Ct.,	and	moved	to	this	place	in	1848,	and	bought	the	farm	for-
	merly	owned	and	occupied	by	Thomas,	Lot,	and	Amon	Stanley,	in	succes-
	sion,	in	Stanley	quarter.	He	died	Dec.	12th,	1856,	aged	80.	He	was
	tall	and	dignified,	his	locks	white,	and	he	had	a	truly	Washingtonian	ab-
	pearance	and	look,	while	he	lived	in	this	town.
	1037.	"	CLOTILDA	H.,	wife	of	Asaph	Pease,	to	church	April	1st,	1849,
	by	letter	from	the	church	in	Winsted,	Ct.,	born	Jan.	1st,	1777,	to	Capt.
	Samuel	Hoit,	of	Madison,	Ct.,	and	his	wife	Clotilda	(Wilcox,)	married
	Feb.	4th,	1805,	No.	(1036.)	She	is	now,	1862,	living	with	her	son,	No.
	(1038,)	on	Stanley	street,	in	Shipman	district.	She	died	June	14th,
	1864,	aged	87.
	THEIR	CHILDREN.
	1.	Leumas,	born	May	9th,	1806,	and	was	drowned,	aged	2	years.
	2.	Mary	Clotilda,	born	Nov.	15th,	1808,	at	Colebrook,	resides	with	her	mother.
	3.	Leumas	Hoyt,	born	Jan.	20th,	1811,	at	Colebrook,	graduated	at	Williams	Col-
	lege	in	1835,	ordained	minister	of	the	Gospel	by	the	Presbytery	of	Albany,	N.	Y.	;
	has	visited	Palestine	and	lectured	on	its	history;	is	still,	1861,	preaching	as	itinerant,
	and,	1861,	was	appointed	chaplain	of	the	44th	Reg.	N.	Y.	Vols.


PALISSY	THE	HUGUENOT	PCTTER.	85
	CHAPTER	IX.
	"	The	works	of	the	Lord	are	great,	sought	out	of	all	them	that
	have	pleasure	therein."	PSALM	cxi.	2.
	PALISSY	had	not	exaggerated	when	he	said	that
	the	influence	of	the	Reformed	church	in	Saintes
	was	changing	the	whole	aspect	of	the	town.	Though
	but	of	short	duration,	its	period	of	prosperity	was
	bright	and	happy,	and	he	was	prominent	among	its
	firm	and	peaceable	supporters.	The	picture	he	has
	drawn	of	it	is	a	lovely	one.	"	You	would	have	seen
	in	those	days,"	he	says,	"	fellow-tradesmen,	on	a
	Sunday,	rambling	through	the	fields,	groves,	and
	other	places,	singing	in	company	psalms,	canticles,
	and	spiritual	songs	reading	and	instructing	one
	another.	You	would	also	have	seen	the	daughters
	and	maidens,	seated	by	troops,	in	the	gardens	and
	other	places,	who,	in	like	way,	delighted	themselves
	in	singing	of	all	holy	things.	The	teachers	had	so
	well	instructed	the	young,	and	affairs	had	so	much
	prospered,	that	people	had	changed	their	old	man-
	ners,	even	to	their	very	countenances."
	Nor	was	this	merely	a	question	of	psalm-singing
	and	prayers,	he	assures	us.	The	Reformation	was
	practical	and	earnest.	Quarrels,	dissensions,	and
	8*


Of	Dialing.	49
	holds	true	of	all	dials	in	general,	whatever	be	LECT.
	their	declination	and	obliquity	of	their	planes	to	L	_
	the	horizon.
	CASE	n.
	7.	If	the	plane	of	the	dial	not	only	declines,	Fig.	3.
	but	also	reclines,	or	inclines.	Suppose	its	de-
	clination	from	fronting	the	south	S	be	equal	to
	the	arc	S	D	on	the	horizon	$	and	its	reclination
	be	equal	to	the	arc	D	d	of	the	vertical	circle
	DZ	;	then	it	is	plain,	that	if	the	quadrant	of
	altitude	ZdD,	on	the	globe,	cuts	the	point	D
	in	the	horizon,	and	the	reclination	is	counted
	upon	the	quadrant	from	D	to	d	;	the	intersec-
	tion	of	the	hour-circle	P	Rd,	with	the	equinoc-
	tial	/^Q,	will	determine	Rd,	the	latitude	of
	the	place	d,	whose	horizon	is	parallel	to	the
	given	plane	Z	h	at	Z	;	and	R	Q	will	be	the	dif-
	ference	in	longitude	of	the	planes	at	d	and	Z.
	Trigonometrically	thus	:	let	a	great	circle	pass
	through	the	three	points	IV,	d,	E	;	and	in	the
	triangle	IV	D	d,	right-angled	at	D,	the	sides
	IV	D	and	D	d	are	given	;	and	thence	the	angle
	D	IV	d	is	found,	and	so	is	the	hypothenuse	IV	d.
	Again,	the	difference,	or	the	sum,	of	D	W	d,
	and	D	IV	R,	the	elevation	of	the	equinoctial
	above	the	horizon	of	Z,	gives	the	angle	d	JV	R	;
	and	the	hypothenuse	of	the	triangle	iVRdwas
	just	now	found	;	whence	the	sides	R	d	and	IV	R
	are	found,	the	former	being	the	latitude	of	the
	place	d,	and	the	latter	the	complement	of	R	Q,
	the	difference	of	longitude	sought.
	Thus,	if	the	latitude	of	the	place	Z	be	52	1	Cf
	north	;	the	declination	S	D	of	the	plane	Z	h
	(which	would	be	horizontal	at	d)	be	36,	and	the
	reclination	be	1	5,	or	equal	to	the	arc	D	d	;	rhe
	south	latitude	of	the	place	r/,	that	is,	the	arc	R	d*


58	T	E	M	O	R	A	:	BOOK	III.
	Alnecma,	at	the	foam-covered	streams	of	Duth-ula	*.
	With	Cormac	descended	to	battle	Duthcaron	from
	cloudy	Selma.	Nor	descended	Duthcaron	alone,	his
	son	was	by	his	side,	the	long-haired	youth	of	Connal
	lifting	the	first	of	his	spears.	Thou	didst	command
	them,	O	Fingal	!	to	aid	the	king	of	Erin.
	"	Like	the	bursting	strength	of	ocean,	the	sons	of
	Bolga	rushed	to	war.	Golcullaf	was	before	them,
	the	chief	of	blue-streaming	Atha.	The	battle	was
	mixed	on	the	plain.	Cormac	J	shone	in	his	own
	*	Duth-ula,	a	river	in	Connaught	;	it	signifies,	dark-rushing
	water.	M.	Such	a	river	may	be	in	Connaught.	C.
	t	Colc-ulla,	Jirm	look	in	readiness;	he	was	the	brother	of	Bor-
	bar-duthul,	the	father	of	Cairbar	and	Cathmor,	who	after	the
	death	of	Cormac,	the	son	of	Artho,	successively	mounted	the
	Irish	throne.
	}	Cormac,	the	son	of	Conar,	the	second	king	of	Ireland,	of	the
	race	of	the	Caledonians.	This	insurrection	of	the	Firbolg	hap
	pened	towards	the	latter	end	of	the	long	reigu	of	Cormac.	He
	never	possessed	the	Irish	throne	peaceably.	The	party	of	the
	family	of	Atha	had	made	several	attempts	to	overturn	the	suc
	cession	in	the	race	of	Conar,	before	they	effected	it,	in	the	mi
	nority	of	Cormac,	the	son	of	Artho.	Ireland,	from	the	most
	ancient	accounts	concerning	it,	seems	to	have	been	always	so
	disturbed	by	domestic	commotions,	that	it	is	difficult	to	say,
	whether	it	ever	was,	for	any	length	of	time,	subject	to	one	mo
	narch.	It	is	certain,	that	every	province,	if	not	-every	small	dis
	trict,	had	its	own	king.	One	of	these	petty	princes	assumed,	at
	times,	the	title	of	king	of	Ireland,	and,	on	account	of	his	superior
	force,	or	in	cases	of	public	danger,	was	acknowledged	by	the
	rest	as	such	;	but	the	succession	from	father	to	son,	does	not
	appear	to	have	been	established.	It	was	the	divisions	amongst
	themselves,	arising	from	the	bad	constitution	of	their	govern
	ment,	that,	at	last,	subjected	the	Irish	to	a	foreign	yoke.	M.
	True	but	the	family	of	O'Neal	can	trace	their	family	renown
	farther	into	antiquity	than	any	family	in	the	British	empire	!


BOOK	VIII.	A	N	E	P	1C	P	O	E	M.	137
	a	lake.	He	turned	his	sudden	step,,	and	leaned	on	his
	bending	spear.
	White-breasted	Bran	came	bounding	with	joy	to	the
	known	path	of	Fingal.	He	came,	and	looked	towards
	the	cave,	where	the	blue-eyed	hunter	lay,	for	he	was
	wont	to	stride,	with	morning,	to	the	dewy	bed	of	the
	roe.	It	was	then	the	tears	of	the	king	came	down,
	and	all	his	sonl	was	dark.	But	as	the	rising	wind	rolls
	away	the	storm	of	rain,	and	leaves	the	white	streams
	to	the	sun,	and	high	hills	with	their	heads	of	grass	:	so
	the	returning	war	brightened	the	mind	of	Fingal.	He
	bounded	*,	on	his	spear	over	Lubarf,	and	struck	his
	*	The	Irish	compositions	concerning	Fingal	invariably	speak	of
	him	as	a	giant.	Of	these	Hibernian	poems	there	are	now	many	in	my
	hands.	From	the	language	and	allusions	to	the	times	in	which
	they	were	written,	I	should	fix	the	date	of	their	composition	in	the
	fifteenth	or	sixteenth	centuries.	In	some	passages,	the	poetry	is
	far	from	wanting	merit,	but	the	fable	is	unnatural,	and	the	whole
	conduct	of	the	pieces	injudicious.	I	shall	give	one	instance	of	the
	extravagant	fictions	of	the	Irish	bards,	in	a	poem	which	they,
	most	unjustly,	ascribe	to	Ossian.	The	story	of	it	is	this	:	Ireland
	being	threatened	with	an	invasion	from	some	part	of	Scandinavia,
	Fingal	sent	Ossian,	Oscar,	and	Ca-olt,	to	watch	the	bay,	in	which
	it	was	expected	the	enemy	was	to	land.	Oscar,	unluckily,	fell
	asleep,	before	the	Scandinavians	appeared	;	and,	great	as	he	was,
	says	the	Irish	bard,	he	had	one	bad	property,	that	no	less	could
	waken	him,	before	his	time,	than	cutting	off	one	of	his	fingers,	or
	throwing	a	great	stone	against	his	head	;	and	it	was	dangerous	to
	come	near	him	on	those	occasions,	till	he	had	recovered	himself,
	and	was	fully	awake.	Ca-olt,	who	was	employed	by	t)ssian	to
	waken	his	son,	made	choice	of	throwing	the	stone	against	his
	.head,	as	the	least	dangerous	expedient.	The	stone,	rebounding
	from	the	hero's	head,	shook,	as	it	rolled	along	the	hill,	for	three
	miles	round.	Oscar	rose	in	rage,	fought	bravely,	and,	singly,	van-
	t	This	is	yet	practicable	in	some	places	!	An	Ulster	peasant
	bounded	over	the	Lubar	on	a	pole	in	my	presence.	C.


A	DISSERTATION	CONCERNING
	fitable	;	at	least	I	might	have	continued	to	be	stupid,
	without	being	branded	with	dulness.
	These	poems	may	furnish	light	to	antiquaries,	as
	well	as	some	pleasure	to	the	lovers	of	poetry.	The	first
	population	of	Ireland,	its	first	kings,	and	several	cir*
	cumstances,	which	regard	its	connection	of	old	with
	the	south	and	north	of	Britain,	are	presented	in	several
	episodes.	The	subject	and	catastrophe	of	the	poem
	are	founded	upon	facts,	which	regarded	the	first	peo
	pling	of	that	country,	and	the	contests	between	the	two
	British	nations,	who	originally	inhabited	that	island.
	In	a	preceding	part	of	this	Dissertation,	I	have	shewn
	how	superior	the	probability	of	this	system	is	to	the
	undigested	fictions	of	the	Irish	bards,	and	the	more
	recent	and	regular	legends	of	both	Irish	and	Scottish
	historians.	I	mean	not	to	give	offence	to	the	abettors
	of	the	high	antiquities	of	the	two	nations,	though	I
	have	all	along	expressed	my	doubts	concerning	the
	veracity	and	abilities	of	those	who	deliver	down	their
	ancient	history.	For	my	own	part,	I	prefer	the	na
	tional	fame,	arising	from	a	few	certain	facts,	to	the
	legendary	and	uncertain	annals	of	ages	of	remote	and
	obscure	antiquity.	No	kingdom	now	established	in
	Europe	can	pretend	to	equal	antiquity	with	that	of	the
	Scots,	inconsiderable	as	it	may	appear	in	other	respects,
	even	according	to	my	system,	so	that	it	is	altogether
	needless	to	fix	its	origin	a	fictitious	millennium	before.
	Since	the	first	publication	of	these	poems,	many	in
	sinuations	have	been	made,	and	doubts	arisen,	con
	cerning	their	authenticity.	Whether	these	suspicions
	are	suggested	by	prejudice,	or	&e	only	the	effects	of
	malice,	I	neither	know	nor	care.	Those	who	have
	doubted	my	veracity,	have	paid	a	compliment	to	my


192	THE	MYSTERY	OF	NEWMAN
	which	are	no	stay,	and	overlooking	our	real	strength
	at	the	time	when	God	begins	His	process	of	reclaiming	us
	to	a	truer	view	of	our	place	in	His	great	system	of	Provi
	dence.	And	when	He	visits	us,	then	in	a	little	while	there
	is	a	stirring	within	us.	The	unprofitableness	and	feebleness
	of	the	things	of	this	world	are	forced	upon	our	minds	;
	they	promise,	but	cannot	perform,	they	disappoint	us.	Or,
	if	they	do	perform	what	they	promise,	still	(so	it	is)	they
	do	not	satisfy	us.	We	still	crave	for	something,	we	do	not
	well	know	what	;	but	we	are	sure	it	is	something	which	the
	world	has	not	given	us.	And	then	its	changes	are	so	many,
	so	sudden,	so	silent,	so	continual.	It	never	leaves	changing	;
	it	goes	on	to	change	till	we	are	quite	sick	at	heart	;	then	it
	is	that	our	reliance	on	it	is	broken.	It	is	plain	that	we
	cannot	continue	to	depend	upon	it,	unless	we	keep	pace
	with	it	and	go	on	changing	too	;	but	this	we	cannot	do.
	We	feel	that,	while	it	changes,	we	are	one	and	the	same	;
	and	thus,	under	God	s	blessing,	we	come	to	have	some
	glimpse	of	the	meaning	of	our	independence	of	things
	temporal,	and	of	our	immortality.	And	should	it	so
	happen	that	misfortunes	come	upon	us	(as	they	often	do),
	then	still	more	are	we	led	to	understand	the	nothingness
	of	this	world	;	then	still	more	are	we	led	to	distrust	its
	and	are	weaned	from	the	love	of	it,	till	at	length	it	float,
	before	our	eyes	merely	as	some	idle	veil,	which,	notwith
	standing	its	many	tints,	cannot	hide	the	view	of	what	is
	beyond	it	;	and	we	begin,	by	degrees,	to	perceive	that	there
	are	but	two	beings	in	the	whole	universe	our	own	soul,	and	the
	God	Who	made	it.	Sublime,	unlooked-for	doctrine,	yet	most
	true	I	To	every	one	of	us	there	are	but	two	beings	in	the
	whole	world,	himself	and	God.	.	.	.	And	as	to	those	others
	nearer	to	us,	who	are	not	to	be	classed	with	the	vain	world,
	I	mean	our	friends	and	relations,	whom	we	are	right	in
	loving,	these,	too,	after	all,	are	nothing	to	us	here.	They
	cannot	really	help	or	profit	us	;	we	see	them	and	they	act
	upon	us,	only	(as	it	were)	at	a	distance	;	they	cannot	get
	at	our	souls	;	they	cannot	enter	into	our	thoughts,	or
	really	be	companions	to	us.	In	the	next	world	it	will,
	through	God	s	mercy,	be	otherwise	;	but	here	we	enjoy,
	not	their	presence,	but	the	anticipation	of	what	one	day


CESAR	S	COLUMN.	141
	has	returned	again	to-night,	disguised	in	the	dress	of
	a	woman,	and	he	is	now	in	the	library	awaiting	your
	pleasure.	I	think	we	had	better	see	him	before	we
	hear	what	Quiucy	has	to	say.	Shall	I	send	for
	him?"
	General	assent	being	given,	he	stepped	to	the	door
	and	told	Rudolph	to	bring	up	the	woman	he	would
	find	in	the	library.	In	a	few	moments	the	door
	opened	and	a	tall	personage,	dressed	like	a	woman,
	with	a	heavy	veil	over	her	face,	entered.	The	Prince
	said	:
	"	Lock	the	door	and	come	forward."
	The	figure	did	so,	advanced	to	the	table	and	re
	moved	the	bonnet	and	veil,	disclosing	the	dark,
	bronzed	face	of	a	workman	a	keen,	shrewd,	observ
	ant,	watchful,	strong	face.


MICHIGAN.
	359
	have	no	perceptible	outlet,	and	yet	are	stored	with	fish.	A	lake	of	this	de
	scription,	with	its	rich	stores	of	fish	and	game,	forms	no	unenviable	append
	age	to	a	farm,	and	is	properly	appreciated.	But	with	all	its	length	of	lake
	coast,	Michigan	can	boast	of	but	few	good	harbors,	yet	there	are	several	that
	afford	excellent	shelter	from	the	storms	that	frequently	sweep	over	these
	great	island	seas,	and	lash	them	into	turmoil."
	The	fisheries	of	Michigan	are	an	important	element	of	her	industry.	The
	proceeds	of	these	amount,	annually,	to	more	than	half	a	million	of	dol
	lars,	exceeding,	in	value,	the	combined	product	of	the	rest	of	the	fresh
	water	fisheries	in	the	Union.
	Among	them	the	white	fish,	Mackinaw	trout,	and	the	muscolonge,	are	un
	surpassed	for	their	delicacy	of	flavor.	Mackinaw	has	been	fan&ous	as	the
	greatest	fishing	point	on	the	lakes.	The	work	in	that	vicinity	is	mostly
	done	by	half-breeds	of	French	and	Indian	blood	in	the	employ	of	mer
	chants.	Of	late	years	colonies	of	Norwegians	have	embarked	in	the	busi
	ness.	Trained	in	the	severe	school	of	their	rugged	northern	homes,	they
	exhibit	the	greatest	daring,	going	out	in	their	tiny	craft	during	the	heaviest
	gales.
	The	settled	parts	of	Michigan	are	well	supplied	with	railroads,	and	others
	ire	in	progress	which	will	bring	her	valuable	lands	on	the	north	into	mar
	ket.	Within	the	state	are	an	unusually	large	number	of	plank	roads.	In
	a	country	so	full	of	lumber,	these	are	easily	constructed,	and	add	much	to
	the	increase	of	business	communication.
	The	great	bulk	of	the	present	population	of	Michigan,	is	of	New	England
	descent.	About	one	third	of	its	settlers	came	directly	from	the	state	of	New
	York.	The	number	of	inhabitants	in	1810,	was	4,762;	in	1830,31,639;
	in	1850,	397,654	:	in	1860,	754,291.
	South-eastern	view	of	Detroit.
	Showing	the	appearance	of	the	city	as	seen	from	the	Great	Western	Depot,	at	Windsor,	on	the	Canada
	side	of	the	river.	The	buildings	of	the	Michigan	Central	Railroad	appear	on	the	left.
	DETROIT,	the*principal	city,	and	formerly	the	capital	of	Michigan,	is	sit
	uated	on	the	N.W.	or	right	bank	of	Detroit	River,	or	strait,	82	miles	E.S.E.
	from	Lansing,	the	present	capital.	The	name	Detroit,	the	French	word	for
	"strait,"	indicates	its	location.	The	city	extends	more	than	a	mile	and	a	half,
	the	center	of	it	being	about	7	miles	from	Lake	St.	Clair,	and	18	above	the
	west	end	of	Lake	Erie,	526	from	Washington,	and,	by	steamboat,	327	from


GOD'S	MEASURE	,55
	GOD'S	MEASURE
	OD	measures	souls	by	their	capacity
	For	entertaining	his	best	Angel,
	Love.
	Who	loveth	most	is	nearest	kin	to
	God,
	Who	is	all	Love,	or	Nothing.
	He	who	sits
	And	looks	out	on	the	palpitating	world,
	And	feels	his	heart	swell	in	him	large	enough
	To	hold	all	men	within	it,	he	is	near
	His	great	Creator's	standard,	though	he	dwells
	Outside	the	pale	of	churches,	and	knows	not
	A	feast-day	from	a	fast-day,	or	a	line
	Of	Scripture	even.	What	God	wants	of	us
	Is	that	outreaching	bigness	that	ignores
	All	littleness	of	aims,	or	loves,	or	creeds,
	And	clasps	all	Earth	and	Heaven	in	its	embrace.


POEMS	OF	EEVOLT
	Feast	in	their	glory	and	pray	for	their	sin.
	All	who	escape	from	despair	here	may	win
	Welcome	and	warmth	and	a	friend	in	the	fold.
	High	in	her	tower	sits	Hope	at	her	loom
	Saving	the	victims	of	Life	from	their	doom,
	High	in	the	tower	a	light	that	shall	shine
	Dimming	the	darkness	a	signal	and	sign.
	Tended	by	Hope	like	a	vestal	divine
	Glowing	with	Beauty	that	burns	through	the	gloom.
	High	in	the	tower	she	sits,	and	she	sings
	Songs	of	her	fashioning,	songs	that	have	wings
	Slumbering	sorrow,	and	songs	whence	joy	springs;
	Dreams	too	she	weaves	of	a	justice	for	man,
	Dreams	of	a	world	that	the	future	shall	plan
	Hope	to	the	outcast	her	pitying	brings.
	She	alone	feeds	with	her	hand	liberty,
	She	alone	bids	man	endure,	to	be	free,
	She	alone	lights	and	leads	humanity.
	Prisoner,	sorrower,	dreamer,	take	heart,
	Lend	her	your	loyalty,	stand	ye	apart,
	Battle,	my	brothers,	for	ye,	and	for	me.


188
	Our	purpose	is	all	homeward,	and	twas	time
	At	parting	to	have	witt,	as	well	as	rime	;
	Full	three	a	clock,	and	twenty	miles	to	ride,
	Will	aske	a	speedy	horse,	and	a	sure	guide	;
	Wee	wanted	both	:	and	Loughborow	may	glory,
	Errour	hath	made	it	famous	in	our	story.
	Twas	night,	and	the	swifte	horses	of	the	Sunne
	Two	hourcs	before	our	jades	their	race	had	runn	;
	Noe	pilott	moone,	nor	any	such	kinde	starre
	As	governd	those	wise	men	that	came	from	fane
	To	holy	Bethlem	;	such	lights	had	there	bin,	.
	They	would	have	soone	convay'd	us	to	an	inne	;
	But	all	were	wandring-starrs	;	and	wee,	as	they,
	Were	taught	noe	course,	but	to	ride	on	and	stray.
	When	(oh	the	fate	of	darknesse,	who	hath	tride	it)
	Here	our	whole	fleete	is	scatter'd	and	divided	;
	And	now	wee	labour	more	to	meete,	then	erst
	Wee	did	to	lodge	;	the	last	cry	drownes	the	first	:
	Our	voyces	are	all	spent,	and	they	that	follow
	Can	now	no	longer	track	us	by	the	hollow	;


36	THE	MYTHS	OF	PLATO
	he	composed	a	line	of	the	poem,	that	the	poet	himself	ex
	perienced	the	feeling	which	he	has	communicated	to	me.
	And	the	re-reading	of	such	a	poem	is	more	likely	to	impair
	than	to	enhance	the	feeling	experienced	by	one	who	has	once
	for	all	pictured	the	scene.
	The	more	I	read	and	re-read	the	works	of	the	great	poets,
	and	the	more	I	study	the	writings	of	those	who	have	some
	Theory	of	Poetry	to	set	forth,	the	more	am	I	convinced	that
	the	question	Wliat	is	Poetry	?	can	be	properly	answered	only
	if	we	make	What	it	does	take	precedence	of	How	it	does	it.
	The	result	produced	by	Poetry	identical,	I	hold,	with	that
	produced	by	the	other	fine	arts,	and	even	sometimes	by	the
	mere	contemplation	of	Nature	and	Human	Life	is	the	one
	thing	of	prime	importance	to	be	kept	always	in	view,	but	is
	too	often	lost	sight	of	in	the	examination	of	the	means	by
	which	Poetry	produces	it,	as	distinguished	from	those	by
	which,	say,	Painting	produces	it.	Much	that	is	now	being
	written	on	the	Theory	of	Poetry	leaves	one	with	the	impres
	sion	that	the	writers	regard	the	end	of	Poetry	as	something
	sui	generis	in	fact,	something	not	to	be	distinguished	from
	the	employment	of	technique	peculiar	to	Poetry	among	the
	fine	arts.	1	I	shall	return	to	this	point	afterwards.
	In	making	the	essential	charm	of	Poetry	that	for	the
	sake	of	which,	in	the	last	resort,	it	exists	lie	in	its	power
	of	inducing,	in	certain	carefully	chosen	circumstances,	and	so
	of	regulating,	Transcendental	Feeling	experienced	as	solemn
	sense	of	"	That	which	was,	and	is,	and	ever	shall	be	"	over
	shadowing	us	with	its	presence,	I	must	not	be	taken	to	mean
	that	there	is	no	Poetry	where	this	sense	is	not	induced	as
	a	distinct	ecstatic	experience.	Great	Poetry,	just	in	those
	places	where	it	is	at	its	very	greatest,	indeed	shows	its
	peculiar	power	not	otherwise	than	by	inducing	such	distinct
	ecstatic	experience	;	but	generally,	poetic	effect	not	the	very
	greatest,	but	yet	indisputably	poetic	effect	is	produced	by
	something	less	by	the	presence	of	this	form	of	Tran
	scendental	Feeling	in	a	merely	nascent	state,	just	a	little
	more,	and	it	would	be	there	distinctly	;	as	it	is,	there	is	a
	1	Mr.	Courthope	(Life	in	Poetry,	p.	78)	says	:	"	Poetry	lies	in	the	invention
	of	the	right	metrical	form	be	it	epic,	dramatic,	lyric,	or	satiric	for	the	expres
	sion	of	some	idea	universally	interesting	to	the	imagination."	And	cf.	p.	63.


THE	PHAEDEUS	MYTH	391
	generally	in	favour	of	the	view	that	metrical	form	is	an
	essential	condition	of	the	existence	of	"	Poetry."	]
	Now,	the	difference	between	a	great	poet	himself	and
	critics	of	the	ars	poetica	who	are	not,	and	do	not	pretend	to
	be,	great	poets,	or	even	poets	at	all,	appears	to	me	to	be	worth
	defining	;	and	I	venture	to	define	it	as	follows	:
	A	great	poet,	like	Wordsworth	or	Coleridge,	is	so	intent
	upon	the	End	of	Poetry	that	he	uses	the	means	with	little
	thought	of	what	they	happen	to	be	in	themselves.	Critics	of
	Poetry,	on	the	other	hand,	even	when	they	are	endowed	with
	personal	feeling	for	the	End	of	Poetry,	are	apt,	as	critics,	to
	take	that	End	for	granted,	and	devote	their	attention	exclu
	sively	to	the	very	interesting	subject	of	the	means	whereby	it
	is	achieved.	They	assume	that,	of	course,	a	great	poet	pro
	duces	"	poetic	effect	"	;	but	not	cherishing	that	effect	as	a
	personal	experience	to	be	received	with	undiminished	wonder
	and	joy	whenever	they	read	his	poetry,	they	are	apt,	in	their
	capacity	of	critics,	to	lose	clear	sight	of	it,	and	then	to	mistake
	for	part	of	it	something	entirely	distinct	from	it	the	mere
	aesthetic	effect	produced	by	the	melody	and	rhythm	un
	doubtedly	present	in	most	cases	where	there	is	Poetry.	This
	mistake,	I	venture	to	think,	lurks	in	the	following	definition
	of	"	Poetry,"	which	may	be	taken	as	expressing	the	view	of	a
	large,	and	in	some	respects,	meritorious	class	of	critics	those
	who	are	impressed	by	the	"	necessity	of	considering	literature
	as	material	of	science	"	:	"	Poetry	is	literature,	usually	of	a
	high	degree	of	Human	Interest,	which,	in	addition	to	its
	Human	Interest,	has	in	it	an	added	Aesthetic	Interest,"	i.e.
	appeals	to	"	an	aesthetic	sense	of	rhythm."	2	Here	it	may	be
	that	"	high	Human	Interest	"	though	said	to	be	only
	"	usually	"	present	stands	for	the	End	of	Poetry	as	Words
	worth	and	Coleridge	understand	it	;	but	the	attainment	of
	this	end	is	made	entirely	dependent	on	successful	appeal	to
	1	A	collection	of	opinions	on	this	subject,	I	should	think	pretty	nearly	com
	plete,	and	certainly	somewhat	embarrassing	by	reason	of	the	often	very	minute
	differences	recorded,	will	be	found	in	Professor	Gummere	s	work,	The	Beginnings
	of	Poetry	(1901)	;	see	also	Professor	Butcher	s	Aristotle	s	Theory	of	Poetry	and
	Fine	Art,	pp.	143-147,	and	Mr.	Adamtfnote	on	Republic,	601	B,	9.	Plato	and
	Aristotle	both	make	fj.vdos	the	essential	thing	in	Poetry	:	^irpov	is	ancillary	:	see
	Phacdo,	61	B,	and	Poet.	1451	b	29,	quoted	by	Mr.	Adam.
	"An	Introduction	to	the	Scientific	Study	of	English	Poetry,	by	Mark	H.
	Liddell	(1902),	pp.	72	and	65.	See	also	Gnxnxnere,	o.c.	ch.	ii.,	"Rhythm	as	the
	Essential	Fact	of	Poetry."


57
	Martin:	thing.	That	s	why	the	definition	of	unemployment,	college	students
	on	welfare	rolls,	residency	requirements,	aliens	on	welfare	are
	such	critical	matters.	We	found	people	who	were	living	in	foreign
	countries	on	California	welfare.	They	used	to	have	a	package	of
	forms,	sending	Medi-Cal,	to	get	your	Medi-Cal	in	other	states,	other
	countries	even,	chargeable	against	California.
	That	gets	you	into	a	real	absurd	situation	in	the	way	that	the
	legal	system	dealt	with	the	problem	of	eligibility.	If	you	are
	drawing	California	welfare	because	you	are	a	resident	of	California,
	you	should	be	ineligible	when	you	cross	the	state	line.
	The	Medi-Cal	reform	is	a	whole	area	that	involved	uniform
	standards,	basic	services.	The	federal	program	has	discovered,	as
	every	insurance	program	discovers,	in	order	to	have	an	effective
	health	insurance	or	help	insurance,	whatever	you	want	to	call	it,
	you	ve	got	to	make	sure	that	you	cover	the	basic,	fundamental	things,
	the	life	and	death,	the	basic	things,	and	then	the	plastic	surgery
	and	all	of	the	other	additional	things	can	come	into	play.	But	the
	basic	things	have	to	come	first.	They	had	to	convert	the	providing
	of	supplemental	benefits,	some	of	the	problems,	maximum	federal
	financial	participation.	Many	of	these	problems	were	compounded
	because	the	state	program	has	to	mesh	with	the	rules	that	are	laid
	down	by	the	federal	government	and	in	many	cases	they	didn	t	and	still
	don	t.	We	haven	t	got	a	uniform	structure.
	Sharp:	What	was	Mr.	Reagan	s	input	on	the	legislative	message?
	Martin:	Oh,	he	was	the	prime	contributor	in	terms	of	philosophical	thrust
	he	wrote	in	the	introduction	and	his	message.	He	participated	in	a
	lot	of	these	work	sessions	at	the	cabinet	level	where	we	were
	debating	concepts	rather	than	such	technical	jargon	as	maximum
	participation	base	and	the	fine	points	of	the	bureaucracy	or	the
	rules.	He	didn	t	bother	with	that	because	that	wasn	t	his	function,
	but	the	problems	were	laid	before	him:	this	is	what	we	are	trying
	to	correct.	We	are	trying	to	correct	a	system	that	permits	someone
	who	is	working	for	the	welfare	department	to	also	be	on	welfare!
	[laughs]
	Sharp:	But	when	it	came	to	the	actual	writing	of	the	legislative	message,
	what	was	his	input	on	it?
	Martin:	He	was	the	editor,	edited	the
	Sharp:	It	was	a	matter	of	you	yourself	coming	to	him	with	a	draft?
	Martin:	Right.	In	this	case,	this	was	a	total	team	effort.	I	did	the	final
	editing,	writing.
	Sharp:	Of	that	document?


0.	JUDD	CO.'S	ALPHABETICAL	CATALOGUE.	13
	Ferns	and	Ferneries.	Paper	25
	Fisher.	Grain	Tables	40
	Fowler.	Twenty	Years	of	Inside	Life	in	Wall	Street	1.50
	Gardner.	Carriage	Painters'	Manual	1.00
	How	to	Paint	1.00
	Hazard.	Butter	Making	25
	Household	Conveniences	l.so
	How	to	Detect	the	Adulterations	of	Food.	Paper	25
	How	to	Make	Candy	50
	Leary.	Ready	Reckoner	25
	Myers.	Havana	Cigars	25
	Our	Farmers'	Account	Book	i.oo
	Parloa,	Miss.	CookBook	1.50
	Ropp.	Commercial	Calculator	50
	Scribner.	Lumber	and	Log-Book	<	35
	Ware.	TheSugarBeet	4.00
	Weston,	J.	Fresh	Water	Aquarium.	Paper	25
	Weir,	Harrison.	Every	Day	in	the	Country	75
	Wingate,	Cen.	G.	W.	Through	the	Yellowstone	Park	1.50
	Williams.	Ladies'	Fancy	Work	1.50
	Evening	Amusements	1.50
	Beautiful	Homes	1.50
	Ladies'	Needle	Work	1.00
	Artistic	Embroidery	1.00
	Willard.	Practical	Butter	Book	1.00
	Practical	Dairy	Husbandry	3.00
	Warne's	Useful	BopkS.	Boards.	With	practical	Illustrations	:
	The	Orchard	and	Fruit	Garden.	By	ELIZABETH	WATTS.	50
	Vegetables	and	How	to	Grow	Them.	By	ELIZABETH	WATTS	50
	Cattle	and	their	Varieties	50
	The	Dog	and	its	Varieties	50
	Flowers	and	Flower	Garden.	By	ELIZABETH	WATTS	50
	Hardy	Plants	for	Little	Front,	Gardens	50
	Poultry	An	Original	and	Practical	Guide	to	their	Management.	.	.	.50
	The	Modern	Fencer.	By	Capt.	T.	GRIFFITH	50
	The	Modern	Gymnast.	By	CHAKLES	SPENCER	50
	Cattle	and	their	Varieties	and	Management	75
	The	Horse	and	its	Varieties	and	Management	75
	Sheep	and	its	Varieties	and	Management	75