HEBREW	POETRY	AND	MUSIC.
	HEBREW	POETRY	AND	MUSIC.
	BY	PROFESSOR	J.	F.	M	CURDY,	PH.D.,	LL.D.,	UNIVERSITY	COLLEGE,	TORONTO.
	THE	FORM	AND	STYLE	OF	BIBLE	PO
	ETRY.	Poetry	is	the	expression	of	sentiment
	or	emotion	in	a	rhythmical	and	regular	form.	So
	important	is	the	matter	of	form,	that	\ve	often
	conventionally	give	the	name	of	poetry	to	what	is
	distinguished	by	regularity	of	structure,	though
	destitute	of	emotion	or	sentiment.	The	distinc
	tion	is	of	the	utmost	importance	in	the	depart
	ment	of	Biblical	poetry.	For	if	we	adopt	the
	popular	definition,	and	say	that	while	prose	is	the
	language	of	the	actual,	poetry	is	the	language	of
	the	ideal,	we	are	confronted	with	the	difficulty	of
	distinguishing	poetry	from	prose	in	the	Bible	at
	almost	every	turn.	AVe	therefore	need	some	cri
	terion	of	form	and	style.
	The	Bible,	along	with	history	and	biography
	and	moral	teaching	and	precept,	contains	a	mani
	fold	poetry,	embodying	the	spiritual	feeling	of
	the	best	men	in	Israel.	This	poetry	is	found,	not
	merely	in	the	three	books	usually	called	"poeti
	cal"	Psalms,	Proverbs,	and	Job	which	are
	printed	in	metrical	form	in	the	Revised	English
	Version,	but	also	in	the	narrative	literature,	and
	still	more	in	the	discourses	of	the	prophets.	How
	is	it	to	be	distinguished	?
	PARALLELISM.	Both	in	classical	and	in
	modern	poetry,	metrical	form	is	indicated	either
	by	quantity	or	by	accent.	It	has	often	been	as
	serted	that	Hebrew	poetry	is	metrical.	Asso
	nance,	alliteration,	and	rhyme	are	also	common
	marks	of	poetry,	and	in	some	literatures	one	or
	other	of	them	is	a	constant	feature.	These	are
	undoubtedly	often	found	in	Old	Testament	po
	etry,	but	they	are	not	constant	or	indispensable.
	The	regular	recurrence	of	"feet"	is	also	want
	ing,	though	the	rhythmical	tendency	is	so	strong
	that	the	lines	have	nearly	the	same	number	of
	syllables	in	most	instances	:	indeed	this	may	be
	regarded	as	a	secondary	test.	But	the	most	char
	acteristic	and	reliable	mark	is	the	"	parallelism
	of	the	members"	of	the	several	verses.	That	is
	to	say,	while	there	is	usually	an	approach	to
	equality	in	the	length	of	the	lines	and	in	their
	syllabic	structure,	there	is	nearly	always	a	rela
	tion	in	thout/ht,	between	them	which	we	recog
	nize	as	constituting	a	formal	unity.	This	is	so
	striking	that	we	immediately	recognize	it	in	the
	midst	of	ordinary	prose	discourse.	Thus,	in	Gen.
	4.	23,	the	lines
	Adah	and	Zillah,	hear	my	voice;
	Ye	wives	of	Lamech,	hearken	unto	my	speech	:
	For	I	have	slain	a	man	for	wounding	me,
	And	a	young	man	for	bruising	me
	mark	themselves	off	plainly	from	the	preceding-
	descriptive	narrative.
	Parallelism	is	of	various	kinds,	to	which	names
	more	or	less	descriptive	have	been	given.	It	is
	to	be	understood,	however,	that	as	regards	the
	principal	distinctions	one	class	runs	often	into
	another,	so	that	it	is	difficult	to	give	a	precise
	characterization.
	1.	SYNONYMOUS	PARALLELISM.	Here	the	par
	allel	lines	express	the	same	or	similar	ideas,	with
	out	an	additional	statement.	Thus
	Ps.	21.	1,	2:
	The	king	shall	joy	in	thy	strength,	O	Lord	;
	And	in	thy	salvation	how	greatly	shall	he	rejoice	!
	Thou	hast	given	him	his	heart	s	desire	;
	And	hast	not	withholden	the	request	of	his	lips.
	Or	.lob	8.	5	:
	If	thou	Avouldest	seek	diligently	unto	God,
	And	make	thy	supplication	to	the	Almighty.
	2.	PROGRESSIVE	PARALLELISM.	In	this	class
	of	verses,	the	line	or	lines	following	the	first,
	while	preserving	the	thought	of	the	first,	make
	an	addition	of	something	not	directly	suggested
	by	it,	though	they	may	contain	an	expansion	of
	or	inference	from	it.	Thus
	The	Lord	is	my	shepherd	:
	I	shall	not	want.
	Or	Prov.	29.	22	:
	An	angry	man	stirreth	up	strife,
	And	a	wrathful	man	aboundeth	in	transgression.
	3.	ANTITHETIC	PARALLELISM.	In	this	case,
	the	fundamental	thought	is	made	more	clear	by
	an	exhibition	of	its	antithesis.	Such	are
	Ps.	1.	G:
	For	the	Lord	knoweth	the	way	of	the	righteous	:
	But	the	way	of	the	wicked	shall	perish.
	Prov.	1.7:
	The	fear	of	the	Lord	is	the	beginning	of	know
	ledge	:
	But	the	foolish	despise	wisdom	and	instruction.
	4.	SYNTHETIC	OR	CONSTRUCTIVE	PARALLEL
	ISM.	This	is	an	exceptional	class	of	verses,	in
	which	an	entirely	new	idea	is	introduced	in	the
	second	or	following	lines.	Thus	we	have	here
	merely	the	parallelism	of	structure,	not	of
	thought.	Such	are
	Ps.	25.	12	:
	What	man	is	he	that	feareth	the	Lord?
	Him	shall	he	instruct	in	the	way	that	he	shall
	choose.
	Prov.	2G.	4	:
	Answer	not	a	fool	according	to	his	folly,
	Lest	thou	also	be	like	unto	him.
	5.	CLIMACTIC	PARALLELISM.	This	is	a	modi
	fication	of	No.	2.	It	consists	of	the	repetition	of
	characteristic	words	in	a	second	or	a	third	line,
	so	as	to	complete	or	supplement	the	sense.	Ex
	amples	are	found	only	in	lyrical	poetry.	Thus
	Ps.	121.3,4:
	He	will	not	suffer	thy	foot	to	be	moved	:
	He	that	keepeth	thee	will	not	slumber.
	Behold,	he	that	keepeth	Israel
	Shall	neither	slumber	nor	sleep.
	Ps.	29.	8	:
	The	voice	of	the	Lord	shaketh	the	wilderness	;
	The	Lord	shaketh	the	wilderness	of	Kadesh.
	G.	COMPARATIVE	PARALLELISM.	This	is
	found	mostly	in	the	Proverbs.	It	is	intermedi
	ate	between	Nos.	1	and	3,	or	sometimes	2.	Com
	parison	may	be	expressed	by	various	signs.
	Thus
	Ps.	42.	1	:
	As	the	hart	panteth	after	the	water-brooks,
	So	panteth	my	soul	after	thee,	O	God.
	Prov.	10.	21!	:
	As	vinegar	to	the	teeth,	and	as	smoke	to	the	eyes,
	So	is	the	sluggard	to	them	that	send	him.
	Prov.	15.	1G	:
	Better	is	little	with	the	fear	of	the	Lord,
	Than	great	treasure	and	trouble	therewith.
	It	is	a	much-debated	question	whether	there	is
	anything	in	Bible	poetry	answering	to	the	classi
	cal	strophes	or	the	modern	stanzas.	The	most
	we	can	say	is	that	the	verses	by	themselves	con-


LITERARY	CRITICISM	147
	some	of	his	readers,	Arnold	would	reply	that,	in
	great	part,	they	are.	One	of	his	most	discussed
	definitions	or	descriptions	of	poetry	occurs	in	his
	essay	on	Wordsworth	:	"It	is	important,	therefore,
	to	hold	fast	to	this	:	that	poetry	is	at	bottom	a	criti
	cism	of	life;	that	the	greatness	of	a	poet	lies	in	his
	powerful	and	beautiful	application	of	ideas	to	life
	to	the	question:	How	to	live.	Morals	are	often
	treated	in	a	narrow	and	false	fashion.	.	.	.	We
	find	attraction,	at	times,	even	in	a	poetry	of	revolt
	against	them.	.	.	.	Or	we	find	attraction	in	a
	poetry	indifferent	to	them.	.	.	.	We	delude	our
	selves	in	either	case;	and	the	best	cure	for	our	de
	lusion	is	to	let	our	minds	rest	upon	that	great	and
	inexhaustible	word	life,	until	we	learn	to	enter	into
	its	meaning.	A	poetry	of	revolt	against	moral	ideas
	is	a	poetry	of	revolt	against	life;	a	poetry	of	indif
	ference	to	moral	ideas	is	a	poetry	of	indifference
	towards	life."	We	need	inquire	no	further	into	Ar
	nold's	position	with	respect	to	the	tiresome	but	still-
	mooted	question	of	the	relation	of	art	to	morals.
	Poetry,	he	holds,	which	represents	human	life
	adequately	is	by	necessity,	by	the	nature	of	human
	life,	moral.
	If	we	infer	from	this	position	that	he	thought	the
	best	poetry	the	best	morality,	we	shall	not	be	far
	from	the	track	of	his	own	reasoning.	Indeed,	we
	may	go	further	and	say	that	he	thought	the	best
	poetry	the	best	religion,	also.	In	his	essay	on	"The


148	ARNOLD
	Study	of	Poetry"	he	justifies	this	identification	as
	follows	:	"The	future	of	poetry	is	immense,	be
	cause	in	poetry,	where	it	is	worthy	of	its	high	des
	tinies,	our	race,	as	time	goes	on,	will	find	an	ever
	surer	and	surer	stay.	There	is	not	a	creed	which	is
	not	shaken,	not	an	accredited	dogma	which	is	not
	shown	to	be	questionable,	not	a	received	tradition
	which	does	not	threaten	to	dissolve.	Our	religion
	has	materialized	itself	in	the	fact,	in	the	supposed
	fact;	it	has	attached	its	emotion	to	the	fact,	and
	now	the	fact	is	failing	it.	But	for	poetry	the	idea
	is	everything;	the	rest	is	a	world	of	illusion,	of	di
	vine	illusion.	Poetry	attaches	its	emotion	to	the
	idea	;	the	idea	is	the	fact.	The	strongest	part	of	our
	religion	to-day	is	its	unconscious	poetry.	.	.	.
	More	and	more	mankind	will	discover	that	we	have
	to	turn	to	poetry	to	interpret	life	for	us,	to	console
	us,	to	sustain	us.	Without	poetry,	our	science	will
	appear	incomplete;	and	most	of	what	now	passes
	with	us	for	religion	and	philosophy	will	be	replaced
	by	poetry."
	Arnold	here	makes	great	claims	for	poetry	;	but	it
	is	to	be	remembered	that	the	only	poetry	which	much
	interests	him	is	great	poetry.	What	constitutes
	poetical	greatness,	however,	is	a	topic	which	he
	seldom	discussed	abstractly,	and	probably	never	dis
	cussed	to	the	satisfaction	of	modern	estheticians.
	We	have	seen	clearly	enough	what	he	sought	in	the
	substance	of	poetry	:	"the	application	of	ideas	to


IS	THE	SECOND	BOOK	OF	KINGS
	as	possibly	the	narrative	of	some	event	which	has
	been	imaginatively	embellished,	and	intermingled	with
	details	which	we	call	supernatural.	1	Circumstances
	which	we	consider	natural	would	be	regarded	as
	directly	miraculous	by	an	Eastern	enthusiast,	who	saw
	in	every	event	the	immediate	act	of	Jehovah	to	the
	exclusion	of	all	secondary	causes,	and	"who	attributed
	every	ocurrence	of	life	to	the	intervention	of	those
	"	millions	of	spiritual	creatures,"	who
	"	walk	the	earth
	Unseen	both	when	we	wake	and	when	we	sleep."
	If	such	a	supposition	be	correct	and	admissible	and
	assuredly	it	is	based	on	all	that	we	increasingly	learn
	of	the	methods	of	Eastern	literature,	and	of	the	forms
	in	which	religious	ideas	were	inculcated	in	early	ages
	then	all	difficulties	are	removed.	We	are	not	dealing
	with	the	mercilessness	of	a	prophet,	or	the	wielding	of
	Divine	powers	in	a	manner	which	higher	revelation
	condemns,	but	only	with	the	well-known	fact	that	the
	Elijah-spirit	was	not	the	Christ-spirit,	and	that	the
	scribes	of	Ramah	or	Gilgal,	and	"the	men	of	the
	tradition	"	and	the	"	men	of	letters	"	who	lived	at	Jabez,
	when	they	used	the	methods	of	Targum	and	Haggadah
	in	handing	down	the	stories	of	the	prophets,	had	not
	received	that	full	measure	of	enlightenment	which
	came	only	when	the	Light	of	the	World	had	shone.*
	1	For	the	idea	involved	see	Num.	xi.	I	;	Deut	iv.	24	;	Psalm	xxi.	9	;
	Isa.	xxvi.	II	;	Heb.	x.	27,	etc.
	4	I	Chron.	ii.	55,	where	"	Shimeathites	"	means	"men	of	the
	tradition,"	and	"	scribes,"	"	men	of	letters."


246	Testing	Milk	and	Its	Products.
	watered	(126).	Normal	fresh	milk	does	not	contain
	nitrates,	while	common	well-water,	particularly	on
	farms	where	precautions	to	guard	against	contamina-
	tion	of	the	water	supply	have	not	been	taken,	in	gen-
	eral	contains	appreciable	amounts	of	nitrates,	nitrites
	and	ammonia	compounds,	and	watered	milk	will,	there-
	fore,	in	such	cases	also	contain	nitrates.	1	'The	method
	for	detection	of	small	amounts	of	nitrates	in	milk,	as
	given	by	Richmond	2	is	as	follows:	Place	a	small	quan-
	tity	of	diphenylamin	at	the	bottom	of	a	porcelain	dish,
	and	add	to	it	about	1	cc.	of	pure	ELjSOj	(cone.)	;	allow
	a	few	drops	of	the	milk	serum	(obtained	by	adding	a
	little	acetic	acid	to	the	milk	and	warming)	to	flow	down
	the	sides	of	the	dish	and	over	the	surface	of	the	acid.
	If	a	blue	color	develops	in	the	course	of	ten	minutes,
	though	it	may	be	faint,	it	shows	the	presence	of	nitrates	;
	after	ten	minutes	a	reddish-brown	color	is	always	de-
	veloped	from	the	action	of	the	acid	on	the	serum.
	There	should	be	no	difficulty	in	detecting	an	addition	of
	10	per	cent,	of	water	to	the	milk	by	this	test,	if	the
	water	added	contained	5	parts	of	nitric	acid,	or	more,
	per	100,000.
	The	following	test	for	nitric	acid	is	proposed	by	Mc-
	Kay	and	Bouska:	About	5	cc.	of	milk	is	placed	in	a
	test	tube.	Some	Kaniss'	reagent	(about	1	part	formal	-
	dehyd	in	500	cc.	C.	P.	H	2	S0	4	)	is	poured	down	the	side
	of	the	tube	so	it	will	form	a	layer	under	the	milk.	If
	nitrates	or	nitrites	are	present,	a	violet	ring	will	form
	at	the	place	of	contact.	This	is	Hehner's	test	for	for-
	maldehyd	reversed,	see	(304).
	1	UfEelmann,	Deutsche	Vierteljahresschr.	f.	off.	Ges.-pfl.,	15,	p.	663.
	8	The	Analyst,	1893,	p.	272.


122	SHADOWS	OF	ST.	HELENA.
	itself	up	grandly	three	or	four	thousand	feet	hard
	by	the	lake.
	Along	this	Lukonoma	ridge	there	is	a	well-defined
	Indian	trail	for	miles.	The	Clear	Lake	Indians
	were	accustomed	to	exchange	visits	with	a	tribe	in
	the	Lukonoma	Valley,	ten	miles	below.	The	tops
	of	the	highest	mountain	ridges	were	selected	for
	trails,	rather	than	the	valley.	The	Indian	does	not
	like	to	be	surprised,	even	by	his	friends.	Along
	these	ridges	he	could	look	off	on	either	side,	and
	a	long	way	ahead.	If	not	molested,	he	might	drop
	down	to	the	hot	springs	just	at	the	base	of	the
	mountain,	take	a	mud	bath	to	make	his	joints	a
	little	more	supple,	and	if	he	found	an	ant	s	nest
	to	add	to	his	dietary	stores,	so	much	the	better.
	You	need	not	overhaul	the	Indian	s	cookbook.	He
	ate	the	ants	alive.	No	shrimp-eater	ought	to	quarrel
	with	trim	on	that	score.
	We	shall	have	a	nearer	view	of	Lower	Lake
	another	day.	It	is	better	to	have	the	first	view
	of	some	old	and	famous	city	from	the	hill-tops.
	That	revelation	ripens	into	a	picture	which	ever
	afterward	we	hasten	to	set	over	against	the	squalor
	and	ugliness	disclosed	by	a	nearer	view.	One	need


MORALS.	59
	The	supreme	value	of	poetry	is	to	educate	us	to	a
	height	beyond	itself,	or	which	it	rarely	reaches	;
	the	subduing	mankind	to	order	and	virtue.	He	is
	the	true	Orpheus	who	writes	his	ode,	not	with	syl-\
	lables,	but	men.	"	In	poetry,"	said	Goethe,	"	only
	the	really	great	and	pure	advances	us,	and	this	ex
	ists	as	a	second	nature,	either	elevating	us	to	itself,
	or	rejecting	us."	The	poet	must	let	Humanity	sit
	with	the	Muse	in	his	head,	as	the	charioteer	sits
	with	the	hero	in	the	Iliad.	"	Show	me,"	said	Sarona
	in	the	novel,	"one	wicked	man	who	has	written
	poetry,	and	I	will	show	you	where	his	poetry	is
	not	poetry	;	or	rather,	I	will	show	you	in	his	poetry
	no	poetry	at	all."	*
	I	have	heard	that	there	is	a	hope	which	precedes
	and	must	precede	all	science	of	the	visible	or	the
	invisible	world	;	and	that	science	is	the	realization
	of	that	hope	in	either	region.	I	count	the	genius
	of	Swedenborg	and	Wordsworth	as	the	agents	of	a
	reform	in	philosophy,	the	bringing	poetry	back	to
	nature,	to	the	marrying	of	nature	and	mind,	un
	doing	the	old	divorce	in	w	r	hich	poetry	had	been
	famished	and	false,	and	nature	had	been	suspected
	and	pagan.	The	philosophy	which	a	nation	re
	ceives,	rules	its	religion,	poetry,	politics,	arts,	trades,
	and	whole	history.	A	good	poem	say	Shak-
	speare	s	"	Macbeth,"	or	"	Hamlet,"	or	the	"	Tempest	"
	goes	about	the	world	offering	itself	to	reasonable
	*	Miss	Shepard	s	"Counterparts,"	Vol.	I.	p.	67.


TIME	AND	SPACE.	33
	phases	of	the	landscape,	derivable	from	the	light	of
	heaven	and	the	state	of	our	optics.	But	is	there	any
	similitude	of	houses,	trees,	clouds,	or	any	of	these	real
	outstanding	independent	objects,	of	a	substance	apart
	from	the	mere	coloured	mind,	which,	in	its	experience
	only,	supplies	it	all	?	Take	the	human	mind	from	the
	world	and	it	exists	no	longer.	The	human	mind	is
	the	world.	It	makes	it.	The	world	is	as	the	show	of
	optic	glasses	in	the	brain	conceiving	it,	and	outside	of
	the	living	and	active	brain,	no	world	either	exists	or
	can	be	conceived	as	existing.	It	is	nothing.	It	can
	be	nothing.
	Philosophers	have	settled	that	space	is	nothing.	It
	is	nothing	but	that	necessary	to	contain	form	nothing
	but	that	necessary,	for	form,	as	the	visible	world,	or
	man	or	anything	to	be.	It	is	merely	created	by	that
	with	which	we	measure,	and	is	that	measure.	If	we
	conceive	space	per	se,	we	should	cease	to	be,	inasmuch
	as	we	should	annihilate	that	law	"	which	we	alone
	are."	Space	is	nothing,	for	we	know	it	only	by	that
	which	is	in	it.	And	to	believe	a	thing	which	we
	cannot	conceive	is	impossible.	Nay,	that	thing	cannot
	exist,	else	any	madness	may	exist.
	Time	is	nothing.	It	is	simply	a	question	begged,
	and	a	delusion	settled,	to	make	things	exist.	That	is,
	it	is	necessary	for	man	and	the	"	visible"	to	be	possible.
	Space	and	time	are	simply	power	:	the	very	existence
	of	which	is	a	confession	of	limit	and	proof	of	want	of
	power.	As	identity,	or	the	necessity	of	identity,
	cannot	be	DEITY,	else	deity	is	secondary	in	the
	necessity	of	being.	It	negatives	itself	in	knowing
	itself.	Or,	it	is	all	and	cannot	be	or	know
	D


THE	EXPATRIATES
	"	And	now,"	said	d'Arcy,	cheerfully,	"	Rouen	and	I
	will	wait	upon	the	American	and	give	him	one	grand
	fright	with	a	French	challenge.	I	dare	say	he	never
	fought	a	duel	in	his	life.	In	the	mean	time,	amuse	your
	self	well	with	your	little	manicure.	I	will	wager	Lili	is
	not	alone	!"
	"	I	think	that	you	are	mistaken	in	what	you	say,"	said
	Raoul,	turning	upon	his	friend	hastily.	"	Lili	is	at
	home,	alone	and	ill.	Even	I	am	not	to	visit	her	until	to
	morrow	!"
	"	Ah,	indeed	!	Well,	I	retract	my	words.	Au	re-
	voir	!	We	shall	return	at	four	with	the	American's	re
	ply.	I	fancy	he	will	not	pass	a	very	tranquil	evening	!"
	As	they	left	the	hotel	the	two	men	turned	and	looked
	at	each	other.
	"	At	home	and	ill	!	The	little	cat	!	If	Raoul	ever
	learns	the	truth	he	will	have	a	second	duel	on	his
	hands."
	*	How	did	you	discover	it	?"	asked	Rouen.
	"	The	hair	-	dresser	told	me,	as	we	walked	along.
	Raoul'	s	little	manicure	is	his	niece,	and	she	saw	them
	at	the	Gare	St.	Lazare."
	"	It	is	very	unwise	of	Treves,"	said	Rouen.
	"	I	think	it	is	most	amusing	!	What	spirit	the	little
	monkey	shows	!	I	congratulate	Treves	with	all	my
	heart	!"
	"	What	a	farce	it	is	!	Lili	and	Raoul	each	fancying
	the	other	true,	while	each	amuses	himself	with	some
	one	else!"
	"	And	all	the	time	loving	each	other	with	true	and
	sincere	devotion	!"
	"	You	think	so	?"
	"	Ah,	I	know	it	!	Raoul's	marriage	is	at	the	bottom
	of	Lili's	affair	with	Treves.	Treves	has	pursued	her
	fruitlessly	for	two	years,	but	she	never	would	look	at
	him.	Now	she	has	begun	so	daringly,	I	think	she	wishes
	p	225


126
	cards,	in	Christmas	cards,	special	announcements	and	several
	cookbooks	--but	what	I	did	in	fully	illustrated	books	for
	Harold	Berliner	is	something	I	will	want	to	talk	about	later
	on.
	What	emerged	were	actually	two	styles	of	illustrations
	which	I	used	for	different	tasks.	One	was	of	a	strongly
	decorative,	slightly	archaic	kind,	which	I	could	employ	in
	illustrative	initials,	or	for	illustrations	with	a	strong
	connect	with	type	or	with	lettering,	as	I	have	done	in	books
	like	When	We	Belonged	to	Spain,	or	the	broadsides	that	I	did
	later	on.
	Nathan:	Would	you	just	say	what	a	broadside	is?
	Lederer:	A	broadside	is	a	sheet	printed	on	one	side	and	consists	of	a
	complete	statement	of	some	kind	or	a	poem	that	people	want	to
	live	with,	the	same	way	that	they	would	want	to	live	with	a
	picture,	something	which	they	like	to	come	back	to	very	often.
	Some	people	call	it	a	poster,	but	that	is	a	misnomer.	A
	poster	is	an	announcement	of	some	kind,	whereas	a	broadside
	conveys	a	personal	idea	and	has	a	sense	of	intimacy	about	it.
	The	other	style	was	developed	from	what	had	been	my
	inclination	way	back,	a	loose,	sketchy,	impressionistic	style,
	carried	out	in	pen	and	ink,	that	I	gradually	simplified	for
	easier	reproduction,	most	successfully,	I	think,	in	two	books
	with	stories	by	Dickens,	or	in	a	cookbook	which	was	called	The
	Blue	Danube	Cookbook,	a	collection	of	Max	Knight's	mother's
	recipes.	That	book	lent	itself	ideally	to	my	style	and	gave
	me	a	chance	to	use	my	recollections	of	Vienna.
	Attitudes	Toward	Book	Design
	Lederer:	Now,	if	that	broadly	covers	one	side	of	work	that	I	got	into
	later	on,	the	other	side	was	an	outgrowth	of	preoccupation
	with	the	place	in	which	the	illustration	should	appear	in
	books.	Books	as	objects	should	have	their	own	style	and
	should	by	their	attractiveness	add	to	the	response	of	the
	reader.
	I	had	known	of	and	met	some	of	the	famous	people	in	past
	California	book	design	history	and	of	the	present:	the
	Grabhorns	and	the	wonderful	Adrian	Wilson,	and	Jack
	Stauffacher,	Andrew	Hoyem,	and	others	active	in	this	field.
	There	is,	however,	something	that	very	definitely	set	me


129
	Nathan:	I	might	ask	you	one	other	thing.	You	were	saying	that	in
	Europe	you	could	rely	on	very	highly	trained	technical
	craftspeople.	In	this	country,	is	it	somewhat	different?
	Lederer:	It	is.	I	think	this	is	something	that	I	mentioned	earlier:
	the	training	of	a	craftsperson	in	Europe	in	the	field,	let's
	say,	of	typesetting,	very	definitely	included	a	very	rigorous
	training	in	design.	Once,	when	I	was	in	Zurich,	in	a	crafts
	school,	I	saw	samples	of	assignments	as	part	of	training	for
	typesetters.	They	included	the	setting	of	a	title	page	in	six
	different	ways.	Now	a	typesetter	here	certainly	could	do	that
	technically,	but	he	is	not	expected	to	have	ideas	of	how	to
	create	such	images.	He	is	trained	to	do	typesetting
	technically	as	well	as	possible	but	always	following	very
	detailed	specifications	given	by	the	designer.
	Altogether,	my	contact	with	the	University	Press	has
	brought	me	in	contact	with	many	wonderful	people,	all	deeply
	devoted	to	the	work,	whether	they	are	editors	or	production
	people.	The	concern	for	the	printed	word	must	be	a	bond	that
	makes	these	people-	-interesting	and	different	from	each	other
	as	they	are	as	individuals-	-appear	as	a	quite	special	group.
	Another	publisher	I	worked	for	was	Chronicle	Books,	where
	the	tasks	were	highly	varied:	photographic	books,	cookbooks,
	books	dealing	with	California	history-	-an	interesting	variety
	of	subject	matter.	Another	was	Presidio	Press,	a	publishing
	house	entirely	devoted	to	military	literature-	-a	subject	that
	is	quite	foreign	to	my	nature.	But	my	personal	relation	with
	the	publisher,	a	retired	army	major	with	an	enthusiasm	for
	fine	books,	remained	excellent	to	the	end,	when	he	left	the
	company	.
	There	is	Sierra	Club	Books,	who	call	me	if	they	have	a
	text	that	seems	to	fall	within	the	area	considered	my
	province,	that	is,	a	"University	Press	type	book,"	as	it	is
	now	often	called.	I	do	not	know	whether	that	is	really	valid,
	but,	in	any	case,	in	categorizing	different	designers,	it
	helps	the	publishers	to	put	persons	into	different	cubbyholes
	for	various	assignments.
	I	actually	feel	comfortable	designing	all	kinds	of	books
	as	long	as	their	appearance	is	to	appeal	to	readers	for	whom
	books	are	an	important	part	of	their	lives,	something	that
	they	cannot	live	without	and	whose	appearance	they	therefore
	treasure.	The	difference	between	a	well-designed	book	and	an
	indifferently	presented	or	badly	done	book	is	often	minute,
	and	the	number	of	people	who	are	consciously	aware	of	what
	makes	the	difference	is	very	small.	It	is	often	a	surprise	to


159
	INDEX-	-Wolfgang	Lederer
	Abel,	Art,	90
	Academic	Scandinave	,	17
	and	Paris,	17-18
	American	Artists	Group,	50,	112
	American	University	Presses,
	Association	of,	137-138
	American	Wine	Merchant,	100-101,
	107
	Annual	of	the	Wine	Industry,	101
	Art	Center	School,	Los	Angeles,
	76-77
	Arts	and	Crafts	movement,	55-56,
	59,	63-64
	Arts	and	Crafts	School,	Zurich,
	144.	See	also	California
	College	of	Arts	and	Crafts.
	Bauhaus	,	influence	of,	72-73
	Bayer,	Herbert,	72
	Berliner,	Harold,	112-113,	125,
	139-141
	Biblioteca	Italiana,	139
	Blue	Danube	Cookbook,	126
	Bodanzky,	Arthur,	1,	46-47
	Book	Club	of	California,	143
	Borge,	Ralph,	58
	22
	2-3
	90
	136
	Bouda,	Cyril,
	Buddenbrooks	,
	Bull,	Michael,
	Bullen,	David,
	CA	Magazine,	121
	California	College	of	Arts	and
	Crafts,	55-98
	Basic	Studies	Program,	73-74
	course	offerings,	58
	design,	teaching	of,	56,	63-
	64,	66,	74,	94-97
	faculty	members,	66-68,	74-75
	student	population,	61-66,	83-
	85
	teaching,	philosophy	of,	56-
	57,	68-83,	85-90,	97
	Carlu,	8
	Cassandre,	8
	Christian	Brothers	Winery,	100-
	101,	107
	Chronicle	Books,	111,	129
	Clark,	James,	138
	Colin,	8
	Columbia	University	Press,	44
	Container	Corporation	of	America,
	advertisements	of,	8
	Cooper	Union,	13
	Cry	California.	See	Heller,
	Alfred.
	de	Paola,	Tomie,	90
	Disney	films,	49-50
	drawing	and	sketching,	6-7,	52-
	53,	114-115
	Dvorak,	Anton,	2
	Eichenberg,	Fritz,	51
	Elder	Gallery,	show	at,	99
	Epes,	Maria,	90
	Esquire	Magazine,	120
	Farm	Publications,	109
	Film	Quarterly,	120
	Fine	Print,	140
	Frank,	Ellen.	See	Literary
	Architecture	.
	Frankenstein,	Alfred,	99
	Friesz,	Othon,	17
	Fromm,	Alfred,	100,	108-109
	Furtwangler,	Wilhelm,	25-26
	Furukawa,	Mel,	90


107
	C.	Service:	New	Zealand	is	a	very	broad	minded	—	most	people	are	today	—	but	in
	those	days,	New	Zealanders	were	tolerant	and	kind	about	such	things,
	especially	because,	I	guess,	there	had	been	so	many	Americans
	around,	Ann	had	first	thought	she	would	have	the	child	put	up	for
	adoption,	but	she	decided	she	wouldn't.	So,	she	left	Louise	with
	her	mother	for	a	while	and	came	down	to	Wellington	and	got	a	job
	working	for	an	English	couple.	They	were	going	on	home	leave.
	There	was	a	cateress	in	Wellington	named	Mrs.	Adams.	Mrs.	Adams
	knew	more	about	all	of	us	than	anybody	else.	We	got	her	first,	and
	then	we	gave	the	party.	She	knew	I	wanted	somebody	and	she	asked
	would	I	be	willing	to	take	somebody	who	had	a	child?	I	said,	"Yes,
	I	would."	She	said,	"Well,	I'll	send	somebody	around	to	talk	to	you."
	So,	Ann	appeared	one	day	with	this	little	girl	who	had	absolutely
	carrot-red	hair,	just	flaming	red.	We	liked	each	other	immediately,
	Ann	and	I	did.	I	asked	her	if	she'd	come	and	work	for	us	and	she
	said	she	would.	I	said	I'd	be	glad	to	have	Louise.
	She	said	she'd	take	Louise	home	first	to	her	mother	and	leave
	her	until	she,	Ann,	got	used	to	the	place.	I	thought	it	might	only
	be	a	temporary	arrangement	because	I	was	afraid	the	English	people
	would	come	back.	But,	I	was	desperate	and	I	said,	"Come."
	So,	Ann	came	and	she	stayed	with	us	the	whole	time.	The
	English	people	came	back,	but	they	had	somebody	else.	After	a
	while	Ann	went	home	and	got	Louise	and	brought	her	to	live	with	us.
	Our	apartment	had	two	great	big	bedrooms.	Jack	and	I	had	one,	and
	Louise	and	Philip,	aged	two	and	one,	had	the	other	one.	Then	there
	were	two	staff	rooms.	Ann	was	in	one	of	those	and	Ginny	was	in	the
	other.	They	had	a	bath	between	them,	back	of	the	kitchen.
	There	was	no	room	for	Bob	but	we	had	a	sun	porch.	So,	we
	simply	fixed	that	up	and	Bob	slept	in	the	sun	porch	for	two	years.
	But,	it	worked	out	all	right.	When	we	gave	a	big	party	we'd	move
	the	bed	out	or	something	so	people	could	use	the	sun	porch	too.
	Bob	was	very	good	natured	about	it.	He	didn't	have	a	real	room.
	But,	he	had	a	sun	porch.
	Then	we	had	a	great	big	living	room	and	a	tiny	little	dining
	room	and	a	small	kitchen.	And	there	we	lived	very	happily,	seven
	of	us.	We	had	seven	ration	cards	for	everything.	We	weren't	great
	meat	eaters	or	butter	eaters.	Why,	we	always	had	plenty.
	Ann	turned	out	to	be	a	marvelous	cook.	She	didn't	know	much
	about	it,	but	she	was	willing	to	learn,	and	she	knew	more	than	I.
	I	hadn't	done	much	cooking.	I	had	Fanny	Farmer's	Cookbook,	so	Ann
	pored	over	this	and	I	pored	over	it.	She	became	a	wonderful	cook.
	Mrs.	Adams	came	and	did	parties.	On	her	days	off	Ann	would	often
	take	Philip	along	with	Louise.


162
	Lennette:	to	test	for	the	presence	of	residual	live	virus.	You	had	to
	inoculate	so	many	monkeys,	and	then	these	monkeys	had	to	be
	killed	and	the	spinal	cords	examined	by	pathologists	well
	versed	in	poliomyelitis	pathology.	Every	possible	approach
	was	used	to	be	sure	the	virus	was	inactivated	and	there	was	no
	live	virus	left.
	Well,	if	you	produce	vaccine	on	a	small	scale	in	the
	laboratory,	that's	one	thing.	You	start	to	produce	it	in
	massive	amounts,	in	liters	and	liters,	that's	something	else.
	The	genetic	engineering	business	today	has	definite	restrictions
	and	guidelines.	You	can	produce	a	product	in	the	laboratory	and
	all	goes	well	if	you	work	with	less	than	ten	liters.	If	you
	want	to	go	beyond	ten	liters,	then	you've	got	all	kinds	of
	problems	with	the	authorities	because	of	possible	hazards,	so
	you	have	to	get	special	permission	and	whatnot.	So	here,	too,
	when	they	began	to	make	the	vaccine,	some	of	the	manufacturers
	who	had	been	making	it	all	through	these	several	years	of	the
	field	trials	knew	that	occasionally	they	would	get	a	bad	batch,
	and	they	would	just	inactivate	it	some	more.
	Now	along	comes	a	new	manufacturer	like	Cutter	or	whoever,
	because	they	were	not	the	only	ones,	and	faithfully	follows	the
	cookbook	procedure,	which	is	laid	out	by	the	federal	authorities.
	The	tests	as	they	do	them	in	the	laboratory	showed	there	was	no
	virus	in	the	vaccine,	and	yet	when	it	was	inoculated	into	man
	there	was	a	problem	of	infectivity.	You	should	take	a	second
	look	at	the	method	and	see	what's	going	on.	The	obvious	con
	clusion	is	that	the	technique	is	inadequate.
	Hughes:	Why	was	Cutter	one	of	the	labs	chosen?	It	was	the	only	one,	I
	believe,	that	hadn't	had	previous	experience	in	producing
	vaccine.
	Lennette:	At	that	time	it	was	a	big	pharmaceutical	house	on	the	West
	Coast.	They	needed	people	to	produce	the	vaccine.
	Hughes:	And	there	wasn't	anybody	else?
	Lennette:	There	were	several	other	people.	Parke-Davis	produced	vaccine,
	as	did	Merck.
	Hughes:	I	mean	here	on	the	West	Coast	there	was	no	other	choice.
	Lennette:	No,	that	was	the	largest	pharmaceutical	house	on	the	West
	Coast.	And	they	had	produced	other	vaccines,	for	distemper,
	rabies,	or	whatever.


MILTON.	41
	half,	which	he	spent	in	it,	bringing	him	from	the
	thirty-second	to	the	thirty-seventh	year	of	his	age,
	were	about	the	most	momentous	in	his	whole	life.
	Here	it	was	that,	abandoning	or	postponing	the
	poetic	schemes	and	dreamings	with	which	he	had
	returned	from	Italy,	he	plunged	into	politics,	and
	became	a	public	polemic	and	pamphleteer.	Here	it
	Avas	that,	in	1641,	Avhen	the	great	Revolution	in	the
	British	Islands	which	had	been	initiated	by	the	Scot
	tish	Covenant	of	1638	had	communicated	itself	to
	England,	and	the	English	Long	Parliament	had	been
	engaged	for	some	time	in	its	immense	work	of	"mak
	ing	thunders	and	lightnings,"	there	were	written	in	suc
	cession	those	five	tremendous	anti-Episcopal	pamphlets
	of	Milton	by	which	he	constituted	himself	the	cham-
	pion-in-chief	of	the	"	Root-and-Branch	party	"	of
	Church	Reform,	advocating	the	entire	abolition	of
	Prelacy	in	the	English	Church,	and	the	substitution
	of	a	new	national	Church	framed	somewhat	after	the
	Scottish	Presbyterian	model.	Here	it	was	that,	when
	the	strife	of	mere	Parliamentary	debate	had	been
	exchanged	for	the	strife	of	actual	civil	war,	and	the
	unfurling	of	the	King's	standard	at	Nottingham	in
	August	1642	had	been	the	signal	for	the	division	of
	the	whole	population	of	England	into	the	two	opposed
	factions	of	Royalists	and	Parliamentarians,	Milton
	threw	in	his	lot	avowedly	with	the	Parliamentarians.
	It	was	in	the	house	in	Aldersgate	Street	that	he	sat
	on	that	Saturday,	the	12th	of	November	1642,
	famous	in	the	annals	of	London,	when	it	was	known


JADE	:	and	Other	Stories
	By	HUGH	WILEY
	NEW	YORK
	ALFRED-A-KNOPF
	1921


RESURRECTION	97
	Although	he	expected	no	good	results	from	his	visit,
	Nekhliidof	followed	Bogatyref	s	advice	and	went	to	see
	Topor6f,	the	person	on	whom	the	case	of	the	sectarians
	depended.
	The	position	occupied	by	Topordf	was	in	itself	an
	incongruous	one,	which	only	a	dull	person	or	one	devoid
	of	moral	sense	could	have	failed	to	perceive.	Topordf
	possessed	both	these	negative	qualities.	The	incongruity
	inherent	to	the	position	he	occupied	consisted	in	the	fact
	that	his	position	made	it	his	duty	to	support	and	defend
	by	external	measures,	not	excluding	violence,	the	Church,
	which	according	to	its	own	definition	was	established	by
	God	and	could	not	be	shaken	by	the	gates	of	hell	nor	by
	any	efforts	of	man.	This	divine	and	immutable	insti
	tution	was	meant	to	be	supported	and	defended	by	that
	other	institution	of	man,	at	whose	head	stood	Toporof
	and	his	officials.	Topordf	himself	did	not	see	this	con
	tradiction,	or	did	not	wish	to	see	it,	and	was	therefore
	very	seriously	concerned	lest	some	Roman	Catholic	priest,
	Protestant	clergyman,	or	other	sectarian	should	destroy
	this	Church	against	which	the	gates	of	hell	could	not
	prevail.	Like	all	men	who	lack	the	true	religious	feeling
	of	human	equality	and	brotherhood,	he	was	certain	that
	the	nation	is	made	of	men	vastly	different	from	himself
	and	that	the	lower	classes	need	that	which	he	himself
	could	perfectly	well	do	without.	At	the	bottom	of	his
	heart	he	really	believed	nothing	whatever,	and	found	this
	attitude	very	convenient	and	pleasant;	but	fearing	lest	the
	people	themselves	might	some	day	reach	his	own	personal
	state	of	mind,	he	considered	it	his	sacred	duty,	as	he
	called	it,	to	guard	the	people	from	this	pitfall.
	Just	as	the	cookbook	tells	us	that	crawfish	like	to	be
	boiled	alive,	he	was	fully	convinced,	not	in	a	figurative
	sense,	as	the	cookbook	used	it,	but	in	its	direct	meaning,
	that	the	people	like	to	remain	superstitious.	His	ideas
	concerning	the	religion	he	upheld	were	like	those	of	a
	poultry	keeper	in	regard	to	the	carrion	with	which	he
	VOL.	II.	7


SECOND	TREATISE.
	MORTIFICATION.
	The	true	idea	of	mortification	is,	that	it	is	the
	love	of	Jesus,	urged	into	that	shape	partly	in
	imitation	of	Him,	partly	to	express	its	own	vehe-
	mence,	and	partly	to	secure	by	an	instinct	of	self-
	preservation	its	own	perseverance.	There	can	be
	no	true	or	enduring	love	without	it,	for	a	certain
	amount	of	it	is	requisite	in	order	to	avoid	sin
	and	keep	the	commandments.	Neither	without	it
	is	there	any	respectable	perseverance	in	the	spirit-
	ual	life.	The	rest	which	forms	part	of	the	normal
	state	of	the	spiritual	life	is	not	safe	without	it,	be-
	cause	of	the	propension	of	nature	to	seek	repose	in
	natural	ways	when	supernatural	are	no	longer	open
	to	it.	Mortification	is	both	interior	and	exterior,
	and	of	course	the	superior	excellence	of	the	interior
	is	beyond	question.	But	if	there	is	one	doctrine
	more	important	than	another	on	this	subject,	it	is
	that	there	can	be	no	interior	mortification	without
	exterior	;	and	this	last	must	come	first.	In	a	word,
	to	be	spiritual,	bodily	mortification	is	indispensa-
	ble.
	1	"	Growth	in	Holiness-	"
	129


NEW	JERSEY.	121
	Indeed,	civilities	and	respectful	attentions,	highly	grateful
	to	his	feelings,	seem	to	have	been	rendered	to	him	by	the
	people,	in	all	parts	of	the	kingdom	that	he	visited.
	During	the	time	he	spent	in	Great	Britain,	he	experienced
	two	providential	escapes,	when	his	life	had	been	exposed	to
	imminent	danger;	once	by	an	attack	of	a	robber	in	Edinburgh,
	and	the	other	by	shipwreck.	After	engaging	his	passage
	across	the	Irish	channel	in	a	packet,	his	baggage	having	been
	left	behind,	he	was	in	consequence	of	that	mistake	prevented
	from	embarking,	and	remained	on	shore.	This	proved	the
	cause	of	his	preservation,	for	the	packet	was	lost	in	a	violent
	storm,	and	every	person	on	board	perished.	This	interposi
	tion	of	Divine	Providence	in	his	behalf,	made	a	deep	and	last-
	ing	impression	on	his	mind.	He	often	spoke	of	the	event	with
	emotions	of	solemnity,	and	with	lively	gratitude	to	his	Great
	Preserver.
	While	Mr.	Stockton	was	in	London,	he	attended	at	West
	minster	Hall,	and	closely	observed	the	various	forensic	elo
	quence	of	the	most	distinguished	barristers	then	living.	At
	the	same	time,	the	decisions	of	the	learned	judges	of	their
	high	courts,	were	attended	to	by	him,	with	a	view	to	his	own
	improvement	as	an	orator,	and	to	enlarge	his	stock	of	legal
	science.	Even	the	theatre	was	not	wholly	neglected	by	him	;
	as	he	correctly	believed	that	he	might	derive	benefit	from	the
	unrivalled	talents	of	Mr.	Garrick	;	although	in	principle
	opposed	to	visiting	theatres	simply	for	amusement.	He	re
	turned	to	his	home,	with	his	mind,	originally	brilliant,	en
	riched	and	improved	with	benefits	derived	from	these	vari
	ous	sources	of	instruction.	He	also,	while	in	Ireland,	became
	deeply	impressed	from	actual	observation,	with	the	evils	that
	would	result	to	his	country,	by	continuing	in	a	colonial	rela
	tion	with	Great	Britain.
	Having	been	absent	from	his	family	and	friends	more
	than	a	twelvemonth,	and	having	left	the	charge	of	his	busi
	ness	in	the	hands	of	others,	he	hastened	to	close	his	concerns
	abroad,	and	prepared	for	his	return	to	the	endearments	of
	home.	He	reached	America	in	September,	1767	;	and	his
	arrival	was	greeted	by	his	friends	and	neighbors	with	much
	pleasure	;	which	they	evinced,	by	escorting	him	from	the	port
	where	he	arrived	to	his	residence.
	In	1768,	the	year	after	his	return	from	England,	he	com
	menced	his	public	life.	He	was	elevated	to	a	seat	in	the	su
	preme	royal	legislative,	judiciary,	and	executive	council	of
	that	province.	In	1774,	he	was	placed	on	the	bench	of	the
	11


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	2.	ALL	ABOUT	EVERYTHING	:	Being	a	Dictionary	of	Prac-
	tical	Recipes	and	Every-day	Information.	An	entirely	New	Domestic
	Cyclopaedia,	arranged	in	Alphabetical	Order,	and	usefully	Illustrated.
	3.	ALL	ABOUT	GARDENING	:	Being	a	Dictionary	of	Practical
	Gardening.
	4.	ALL	ABOUT	COUNTRY	LIFE	:	A	Dictionary	of	Rural	Avo-
	cations,	and	of	Knowledge	necessary	to	the	Management	of	the	Farm,	&c.
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	day	Difficulties	in	Reading,	Writing,	&c.	&c.
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	Published	by	Ward,	Lock,	and	Co.


HISTORICAL	INTRODUCTION	11
	family	recipes,	which	came	into	his	hands	by	an	accident.
	He	has	reproduced	it	in	fac	simile,	and	it	is	certainly	a
	most	interesting	relic	of	domestic	life	in	the	sixteenth	and
	seventeenth	centuries.	It	deals	with	all	kinds	of	things,
	good	and	bad,	from	recipes	for	apple	pasties	to	cures	for
	the	King's	evil.	And	among	the	strangely	assorted	items
	we	find	several	recipes	for	making	ink.	By	the	kind
	permission	of	Mr.	Wedddl	we	reproduce	one	of	these	as	a
	frontispiece	;	and	as	few,	possibly,	of	our	readers	will	be
	able	to	decipher	the	strange	calligraphy,	the	gist	of	a
	transcription	which	Mr.	Wedddl	has	been	good	enough	to
	supply,	is	given	in	chap.	iv.
	Another	recipe	in	this	delightful	old	volume	stands	as
	follows	:
	"	Take	a	quart	of	fair	spring	water,	one	ounce	of	copperas,	two	ounces
	of	gall,	and	four	ounces	of	guni-arabick	mingle	them	together	and	let
	them	stand."
	Here	is	another	method	:
	;	'	Take	four	ounces	of	gum	arabick	beat	small,	2	ounces	of	gall	beat
	gross.	One	ounce	of	copperas,	and	a	quart	of	the	comings	off	strong	ale.
	Put	all	these	together	andstirr	them	3	or	4	times	a	day	about	14	dayes
	then	strein	it	through	a	cloth."
	Then	follows	this	note	:
	"	I	made	ink	by	ye	above	rect.	only	putting	half	ye	arabick	and	as
	good	as	ever	was	used.	K.	GREEN/V
	One	more	recipe	from	the	same	source	is	as	follows	:
	'	Mr.	Mason,	Exciseman,	his	rect.	for	making	ink,	which	is	very	good.
	"	Take	a	quart	of	rain	or	other	soft	water	and	put	to	it	4	oz.	of	best
	blue	galls	gross	by	beattin	let	it	stand	warm	for	3	days	then	add	3	oz.
	of	copperas	4	oz.	of	gum	ditto	roach	(rock)	allum	let	it	stand	2	or	3	days
	longer	but	shake	it	up	2	or	3	times	a	day	put	a	little	Brandy	into	the	ink.
	The	bottlein	it	will	hinder	it	from	Mouldiness."
	There	is	no	date	to	any	of	these	recipes.	Mr.	WcddeJl,
	who	has	made	a	study	of	the	different	handwritings	repro-
	duced	in	this	book,	is	of	opinion	that	the	first	of	them,	our
	frontispiece,	is	certainly	Elizabethan,	and	that	it	was
	probably	written	at	the	end	of	the	sixteenth	century	by	a
	man	past	middle	age,	who	learned	to	write	just	about	the
	time	that	Shakespeare	was	born	(1504).
	A	book	on	handwriting	by	John	dc	Beau	CHiesne	and
	If.	John	Baildon,	printed	at	Blackfriars	in	1571,	entitled


1	86	LIVING	ENGLISH	POETS
	With	jingling	bells	about	her	neck,
	But	what	beneath	her	wing	?
	It	may	have	been	a	ribbon,
	Or	it	may	have	been	a	ring."
	"	I	marked	a	falcon	swooping
	At	the	break	of	day	:
	And	for	your	love,	my	sister-dove,
	I	'frayed	the	thief	away."
	"	Or	did	you	spy	a	ruddy	hound,
	Sister	fair	and	tall,
	Went	snuffing	round	my	garden	bound,
	Or	crouched	by	my	bower	wall	?
	With	a	silken	leash	about	his	neck	;
	But	in	his	mouth	may	be
	A	chain	of	gold	and	silver	links,
	Or	a	letter	writ	to	me."
	"	I	heard	a	hound,	high-born	sister,
	Stood	baying	at	the	moon:
	I	rose	and	drove	him	from	your	wall
	Lest	you	should	wake	too	soon."
	"	Or	did	you	meet	a	pretty	page
	Sat	swinging	on	the	gate	;
	Sat	whistling	whistling	like	a	bird,
	Or	may	be	slept	too	late	:
	With	eaglets	broidered	on	his	cap,
	And	eaglets	on	his	glove	?


265
	Going	back	to	your	involvement	with	the	ACLU,	what	was
	the	nature	of	your	involvement	there?
	Coblentz:	I	was	on	the	board	of	directors,	but	if	you	ask	me	specific
	cases,	I	don	t	remember.	I	m	sure	they	were,	at	that	time,
	very	important.	Remedies	were	needed	and	needed	quickly,	but
	I	don	t	remember	now.
	McGarrigle:	And	the	NAACP	Legal	Defense	Fund?
	Coblentz:	Oh,	the	Legal	Defense	Fund	I	have	been	on	for	twenty-five	or
	thirty	years.	I	m	no	longer.	The	director	was	an	old	friend,
	Jack	Greenberg.	I	was	a	member,	then	Cecil	[Poole]	became	a
	member,	then	he	had	to	get	off	because	he	went	on	the	court.
	Charlie	Renfrew	was	a	board	member.	We	d	even	go	back	to	some
	meetings	in	New	York,	but	we	all	felt	that	we	couldn	t
	contribute	very	much	just	at	a	meeting,	and	they	were	filling
	us	in	on	what	they	were	doing,	and	you	didn	t	have	to	sell	us
	the	efficacy	of	the	fund.	We	believed	in	it.	We	did	not
	handle	any	cases	ourselves.
	McGarrigle:	So	the	fund	was	based	in	New	York	and	you	were--
	Coblentz:	Oh	yes,	we	had	an	office	here,	but	we	were	national	officers
	of	the	fund,	representing	the	West	Coast.	Sure.
	McGarrigle:	Do	you	remember	how	you	came	to	know	Jack	Greenberg?
	Coblentz:	It	was	through	my	friend,	Warren	Unna.	When	Jack	retired,	he
	was	dean	of	student	affairs	at	Columbia	for	a	while.	He	got
	burned,	as	anybody	is	wont	to	get	burned	for	whatever	the
	students	were	doing,	and	now	he	s	teaching	in	the	law	school.
	McGarrigle:	So	you	have	contact,	still?
	Coblentz:	Yes,	if	he	passes	through	San	Francisco	or	I	go	to	New	York,
	but	not	any	more	than	that.	He	also	wrote	a	cookbook	with	the
	former	dean	of	Harvard	Law	School.
	McGarrigle:	Really?
	Coblentz:	Yes,	for	those	people	who	stay	at	homethe	husbands	who	need
	to	have	cooking-	-so	they	did.
	McGarrigle:	Really?
	Coblentz:	Yes.	It	was	published.
	McGarrigle:	Was	that	a	hobby	of	his,	cooking?


146	BRITISH	BUTTERFLIES.
	The	butterfly	is	seen	in	July	and	August,	flitting
	about	in	sportive	groups	round	oak	trees,	and	occa-
	jsionally	descending	within	reach	of	the	net.	It	also
	affects	other	trees	besides	oaks,	some	thirty	or	forty	at
	a	time	having	been	seen	gambolling	about	one	limt
	tree.	It	being	so	generally	distributed,	it	will	be	need-
	less	to	particularize	its	localities.
	THE	GREEN	HAIR-STREAK.
	(Thecla	Rubi.)	(Plate	XII.	fig.	5.)
	THIS	pretty	little	species	is	at	once	known	from	all
	other	English	butterflies	by	the	rich	bright	green	colour
	that	overspreads	its	under	surface.	Above,	the	wings
	are	deep,	warm	brown.
	The	caterpillar	is	green,	spotted	and	striped	with
	white,	and	feeds	on	the	bramble;,	also	on	the	broom,
	and	other	plants	of	the	same	order.
	The	butterfly	appears	first	in	May	and	June,	and
	again	in	August,	it	being	double-brooded.	It	is	found
	flying	about	rough	brambly	hedges,	and	often	settles
	on	the	outer	leaves	of	low	trees	about	a	dozen	feet	from
	the	ground.	It	seems	to	occur	generally	throughout
	the	country,	and	extends	into	the	southern	parts	oi
	Scotland.	It	has	been	found	in	many	localities	clow
	to	London.


42	JAPAN
	given	above.	Some	of	these	even	gave	expression	to	an
	opinion	identical	with	that	given	above	before	the	Chris
	tians	did.	In	the	discussion	of	some	years	ago	when	it	was
	argued	that	Christianity	and	the	Japanese	kokutai	could
	not	exist	together	in	Japan	the	Buddists	agreed	with	those
	who	attacked	Christianity	and	even	went	further	than
	others	in	pushing	this	atack	upon	Christianity.	To	me	it
	is	a	very	significant	change	in	the	spirit	of	the	times	that
	in	this	present	discussion	Buddists	should	be	taking	the
	same	attitude	as	Christians	and	should	be	uniting	with
	them	in	the	struggle	to	carry	through	this	contention.
	What	conclusion	will	be	reached	by	this	commission	of
	the	Mombusho	it	is	presumptions	for	me	to	attempt	to
	say	but	that	it	will	not	finish	its	investigations	this	year	or
	the	next	but	will	carry	on	for	two	or	three	years	is	openly
	stated	by	the	chairman	and	other	members	of	the	com
	mittee	and	is	not	to	be	doubted.
	The	argument	that	Shinto	is	a	unique	religion	which
	should	be	placed	above	other	religions	is	not	a	new	idea
	that	has	developed	in	modern	times,	but	it	existed	as	a
	problem	before	the	enactment	of	the	present	constitution.
	It	was	in	1881	that	Prince	Ito	went	to	Europe	to	make
	investigations	preparatory	to	the	framing	of	Japan	s	con
	stitution.	When	he	met	Bismark,	Bismark	said,	"	It	is
	comparatively	simple	to	draw	up	a	constitution,	but	the
	question	of	what	to	do	with	religion	is	not	so	simple	as
	the	drawing	up	to	the	constitution.	What	do	you	intend
	to	do	about	the	matter	?	Up	to	this	time	Prince	Ito	had
	given	no	thought	to	the	question	of	religion	and	this	was
	the	first	time	he	had	been	compelled	seriously	to	face	the
	problem.	He	was	unable	to	reply	to	Bismark	and	returned
	to	Japan	with	this	problem	on	his	heart.
	Later	Viscount	Kaieda,	adviser	to	the	Privy	Council,
	accompanied	by	Professor	Maruyama,	representing	Jap
	anese	scholaship,	went	to	Europe	on	a	tour	of	investiga
	tion.	Prince	Ito	gave	him	a	special	letter	of	introduction
	to	Stein	of	Austria.	The	Prince	had	learned	a	great	deal
	from	Stein.	Stein	pointed	out	to	them	the	reasons	for	the
	importance	of	religion.	They	were	very	much	pleased
	to	hear	his	opinion	and	told	him	of	the	existence	of	the


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THE	AMERICAN	CIVIL	WAR	213
	political	finesse	in	the	adjustment	of	the	Trent
	affair.	Three	days	after	the	report	of	the	affair
	was	received,	a	despatch	was	sent	to	Lord	Lyons
	at	Washington	instructing	him	to	demand	the
	surrender	of	Slidell	and	Mason,	and	a	suitable
	apology	for	the	affront	to	the	British	flag.	In
	case	the	demand	should	not	be	complied	with	in
	seven	days,	the	minister	was	directed	to	close
	the	legation	and	leave	Washington.	The	trans
	mission	of	these	instructions	was	accompanied
	by	open	and	strenuous	preparations	for	war.
	Exportation	of	military	stores	was	forbidden;
	arsenals	and	dockyards	hummed	with	access	of
	industry;	great	quantities	of	arms	and	ammuni
	tion	were	hastily	shipped	to	the	North	American
	provinces;	most	impressive	of	all,	several	thou
	sands	of	troops,	including	a	regiment	of	the
	Guards,	embarked	for	the	same	destination.
	Confronting	such	a	situation,	the	Lincoln	ad
	ministration	had	no	choice	of	policy.	To	think
	of	conquering	the	Confederates	after	Great
	Britain	should	become	their	ally,	was	beyond
	the	bounds	of	sanity.	Accordingly,	the	cap
	tive	envoys	were	put	at	the	disposal	of	Lord
	Lyons,	and	were	duly	conveyed	by	a	British
	war-ship	back	to	the	West	Indies,	whence	they
	resumed	their	journey	in	triumph	to	England.


THE	SEEDY	GENTLEMAN
	Love	Story	the	situation	before,	perhaps	many	times,	and	de-
	of	a	Scot	cided	that	marriage	is	not	sure	enough	to	bring
	them	comfort.	They	may	get	tangled	up	later,
	but	they	are	pretty	well	satisfied	that	the	woman
	is	all	right	before	they	ask	her."
	"Yet	Robert	Burns	has	written	the	love	poetry
	of	the	world,"	said	the	Candid	Man.
	"My	dear	friend,	he	has	written	love	poetry,	and
	the	best	of	it	is	purely	Scottish.	Did	it	ever	occur
	to	you	that	the	trouble	with	us	is	that	we	mix	up
	love	and	poetry?	There	may	be	poetry	in	love;
	but	it	just	occurs	to	me	that	there	has	been
	mighty	little	poetry	written	about	marriage.	Be
	sides,	poets	write	for	other	people	to	read	and
	quote.	In	women	s	poetry,	you	always	feel	it	is
	the	same	man,	but	men	poets	write	about	all	kinds
	of	girls.	Some	one	or	two	have	composed	vol
	umes	all	inspired	by	one	woman;	but	the	general
	love	poet	writes	indiscriminately	of	blondes	and
	brunettes,	girls	with	blue	eyes,	violet,	black,	all
	sorts	of	color;	he	writes	of	all	sorts	of	things	he
	would	do	for	the	woman	he	loves.	It	just	occurs
	to	me	that	he	has	not	often	done	them.	If	he	ever
	has,	he	has	done	them	for	the	wrong	woman.
	The	Scottish	people	understand	quite	clearly	that
	while	love	may	inspire	poetry,	and	poetry	may
	inspire	love,	love	is	not	all	poetry,	nor	love	poetry
	all	love.	While	Robert	Burns,	in	his	more	senti
	mental	moments,	may	do	for	wooing	and	for	in
	spiring	a	tender	sentiment,	there	is	a	purely	practi
	cal	element	in	the	case	which	he	has	thoroughly
	282


4BOUT	FRUITS,	FLOWERS	AND	FARMING.	203
	A	SALT	RECIPE.
	THERE	is	a	great	fashion,	now-a-days,	in	all	papers,	to
	set	forth	useful	recipes	for	every	imaginable	purpose.
	Every	newspaper	has	its	weekly	budget	of	recipes.	Our
	magazines	have	a	page	of	original	recipes;	and,	before
	long,	why	should	not	the	North	American	Review^	or	the
	Edinburgh	Review	come	out	with	their	quarterly	bill	of
	fare	reciped	in	full	?	So	practical	is	our	nineteenth	cen
	tury,	that	our	literary	men	and	women	feel	it	to	be	a	solemn
	duty	to	indite	novel	recipes	for	cooking,	seasoning,	remov
	ing	stains,	curing	diseases,	etc.	;	and	why	not?	If	one	can
	invent	a	sonnet,	an	elegy,	or	worse	yet,	a	poem,	and	thus
	draw	people	s	brains	a	wool-gathering	in	the	regions	of
	imagination,	ought	they	not	to	atone	for	their	license	by	an
	invention	equally	substantial	for	the	body?	Miss	Leslie
	writes	a	beautiful	story,	and	a	recipe	for	manipulating
	lobsters.	Miss	Martineau	writes	travels,	political	econo
	mies	and	suggestions	on	plum	pudding.	Mrs.	Sigourney
	tunes	her	lyre	with	a	hand	most	redolent	of	pies,	cakes	and
	gingerbread.	Such	is	the	aspect	of	culinary	affairs,	and
	the	rights	of	women,	that	the	day	seems	at	hand	when	no
	learning	w^ill	sustain	a	man,	and	no	accomplishments	a
	woman,	who	does	not	understand	the	art	and	mystery	of
	cooking.	It	will	be	the	duty	of	some	future	Ileyne	to	give
	accurate	recipes	for	all	the	feasts	of	Homer	s	heroes,	the
	ingredients	of	all	the	Horacian	drinking-bouts	the	dishes
	of	Virgil	s	fine	fellows,	as	well	as	the	minor	matters	of
	armor,	language,	manners,	and	customs	;	and	a	good	lexi
	con,	Hebrew,	Greek,	or	Latin,	must	contain	clearly	written
	recipes	for	all	the	dishes	used	by	the	people	whose	lan
	guage	it	sets	forth.	We	have	been	led	into	this	grand
	prairie	of	reflections	by	a	recipe	found	in	a	country	paper
	which	unquestionably.	is	salty.
	"	INDIAN	BAKED	PUDDING.	Indian	pudding	is	good	and
	wholesome,	baked.	Scald	a	quart	of	milk,	and	stir	in	seve.e.


SMOKE	SIGNIFYING	DOUBT	I/
	business,	and	never	feeling	myself	a	compe
	tent,	sound-minded	man	till	the	oak	door	is
	between	me	and	Peggy	!
	"Ha,	ha	not	yet	!"	said	I	;	and	in	so
	earnest	a	tone	that	my	dog	started	to	his
	feet	cocked	his	eye	to	have	a	good	look
	into	my	face	met	my	smile	of	triumph
	with	an	amiable	wag	of	the	tail,	and	curled
	up	again	in	the	corner.
	Again,	Peggy	is	rich	enough,	well
	enough,	mild	enough,	only	she	doesn	t	care
	a	fig	for	you.	She	has	married	you	be
	cause	father,	or	grandfather	thought	the
	match	eligible,	and	because	she	didn	t	wish
	to	disoblige	them.	Besides,	she	didn	t	posi
	tively	hate	you,	and	thought	you	were	a	re
	spectable	enough	young	person	;	she	has
	told	you	so	repeatedly	at	dinner.	She	won
	ders	you	like	to	read	poetry	;	she	wishes
	you	would	buy	her	a	good	cookbook;	and
	insists	upon	you	making	your	will	at	the
	birth	of	the	first	baby.
	She	thinks	Captain	So-and-So	a	splendid-
	looking	fellow,	and	wishes	you	would	trim
	up	a	little,	were	it	only	for	appearance	s
	sake.
	You	need	not	hurry	up	from	the	office	so
	early	at	night	:	she,	bless	her	dear	heart	!
	does	not	feel	lonely.	You	read	to	her	a


GENERAL	INDEX
	289
	it,	150	;	influence	of	democracy
	upon,	151	;	introspection	and	feeble
	ness	of	modern	poetry,	158	;	not	to
	be	pursued	as	a	profession,	103	;
	character	of	profound	poetry,	252	;
	the	action	of	the	imagination	in,
	318	;	the	quality	of	vividness	of	ex
	pression	in,	3,	31	;	great	poets	and
	secondary	intellects	distinguished,
	37	;	schools	of	poetry,	38	;	the	office
	of	language	in,	4G	;	the	supreme	func
	tion	of,	171	n	;	the	question	of	pla
	giarism	in,	299	;	Romanic	tendency
	to	the	scientific	treatment	of,	308	;
	does	not	spring	from	the	Anglo-
	Saxon	nature,	318	;	not	made	from
	the	understanding,	319;	the	good
	fortune	of	early	poets,	335	;	artifice
	unsatisfactory,	4,	8	;	its	decline	un
	der	French	influence,	21	;	uncon-
	ventionality	essential,	22	;	influence
	of	character	in,	2G1	;	its	true	vital
	ity,	267	;	the	quality	of	nationality
	in,	270	;	description	in,	272	;	its	first
	duty	to	be	delightful,	273	;	the	con
	ception	of,	in	England,	in	IGth	cen
	tury.	299	;	importance	of	diction	in,
	308	;	the	sensuous	and	the	sensual
	in,	317	;	value	of	abundance	in,	328	;
	the	question	of	matter	and	form,
	357	;	the	difference	between	Fact
	and	Truth,	384;	instructs	not	by
	precept,	but	by	suggestion,	6,	HO	;
	also,	3,	128.	See	also,	American,
	Anglo-Norman,	Anglo-Saxon,	Eng
	lish,	French,	German,	Provencal,
	Romance,	S	-otch,	Teutonic	poetry	;
	also,	Ballad	poetry	;	Descriptive
	poetry	;	Dramatic	poetry	;	Epic	poe
	try	;	Moral	poetry	;	N	\rrative	poe
	try	;	Pastoral	poetry	;	Philosophical
	poetry	;	Religious	poetry	;	Roman
	tic	poetry	;	Sacred	poetry	;	Sonnet	;
	Troubadours	;	Trouveres.
	Emerson	s	criticism	of,	1,	354	;	Ei
	con	s	definition	of,	2,	15G;	Lessing
	on	the	cultivation	of,	19G	;	Dryden
	011	the	end	and	character	of,	3,	155;
	Fauriel	on	prosaic	passages	in,	1G2	n	;
	Edw.	Phillips	on,	4,	2	;	Voltaire
	makes	Difficulty	a	tenth	Muse,	8;
	Waller	on	care	in	writing,	14	;	Spen
	ser	s	conception	of,	306	;	Words
	worth	s	theories	of,	382,	398,	40G	;
	Sir	John	Harrington	on,	409.
	Poetry	and	prose,	18th	century	ideas
	of	their	relation,	1,	24G	;	the	dis
	tinction	between	them,	2,	19G,	22G	;
	4,	330	;	danger	of	mixing	them,	3,
	144;	Coleridge	s	distinction,	4.
	384.
	Poggetto,	Cardinal,	4,	141.
	Police	in	Rome,	1,	216.
	Polish,	Waller	on,	4,	14.
	Political	dogmas,	their	tendency	to
	become	dead	formulas,	5,	36.
	Political	economy,	humanity	its	most
	important	element,	6,	35	;	value	of
	the	study,	92	;	study	of,	177.
	Political	eloquence,	American,	5,	49,
	51.
	Political	evils,	the	cure	of,	3,	236.
	Political	machinery,	6,	183.
	Political	meetings,	6,	182.
	Political	office,	the	qualifications	for,
	3,	235.
	Political	parties,	6,	29	;	blind	to	vicious
	methods	employed	for	their	advan
	tage,	200.	See	also,	Party	govern
	ment.
	Political	speculations,	possible	value
	of,	3,	198.
	Political	thinker,	Burke	and	Milton,
	4,	81	;	effect	of	abstract	ideas	on,
	85.
	Political	wisdom	of	Burke,	2,	234.
	Politicians,	Steele	on,	3,	284.	Politi
	cians	and	statesmen,	4,	179;	not
	leaders	but	followers	of	public	sen
	timent,	5,	75	;	the	study	of	political
	economy	recommended	to,	6,	183;
	object	to	the	scholar	in	politics,
	190;	call	learned	men	pedants	and
	doctrinaires,	193	;	required	by	the
	system	of	party	government,	212	;
	engaged	with	the	local	eddies	of
	prejudice,	220.	See	also,	States
	men.
	Politics,	subordinate	to	poetry,	4,
	373	;	its	deepest	lesson	taught	by	a
	common	danger,	5,	46	;	difficulty	of
	forecasting	events,	125	;	men	taking
	the	place	of	principles,	132;	the
	qualities	necessary	for	success	in
	state-craft,	183	;	a	rigid	doctrinaire
	an	unsafe	politician,	189	;	success
	obtained	by	skill	in	taking	advan
	tage	of	circumstances,	189	;	a	sci
	ence	demanding	serious	application,
	193;	trifling	considerations	to	be
	taken	into	account,	19G	;	loyalty	to
	great	ends,	not	obstinacy	in	preju
	dice	demanded,	19G	;	importance	of
	public	opinion,	199;	6,	34;	cause
	and	effect	proportionate,	5,	204	;	the
	sense	of	personal	wrong	as	an	in
	terpreter	of	abstract	principles,	205	;
	equality	not	conferred	by	man,	237	;
	the	danger	of	accepting	an	easy	ex
	pedient	at	the	sacrifice	of	a	diffi
	cult	justice,	238	;	a	disproportionate
	value	set	upon	consistency,	2GG	;	na
	tional	opinions	move	slowly,	271	;
	the	secret	of	permanent	leadership
	to	know	how	to	be	moderate,	271	;
	homogeueousness	of	laws	and	insti
	tutions	necessary	to	strength,	281	;
	the	idea	of	government	precedes
	that	of	liberty,	282	;	party	managers,
	285	;	parties	as	the	ladders	of	am
	bitious	men,	293	;	politicians	and
	statesmen,	294	;	advantages	of	a	bold


Penny	Wise
	women.	There	may	be	a	complication	worth	study
	ing	there."
	"What	is	this	bun	business?	I	mean,	does	he
	merely	sell	the	good	will,	of	what?"
	"Oh,	no	;	he	sells	his	recipe.	It's	a	secret	process,
	the	making	of	Binney's	Buns,	and	the	recipe	is
	the	thing.	No	one	has	ever	been	able	to	imitate
	them	successfully.	All	attempts	are	dismal	failures.
	But	with	the	formula	any	one	can	make	them.	It's
	Sir	Herbert's	great	source	of	anxiety	lest	the	recipe,
	or	formula,	whatever	they	call	it,	should	be	discov
	ered."
	"Or	stolen!"
	"Stolen?"
	"Yes,	don't	you	see,	he	had	the	recipe	and	he	was
	murdered	for	it."
	"Oh,	don't	go	off	wild-goose	chasing!	It	might
	be,	or	it	might	be	he	was	murdered	for	his	watch
	and	chain,	which	they	didn't	take	after	all,	but	we
	have	to	have	some	shred	of	evidence	to	go	upon."
	"Sure	we	do.	And,	therefore,	I	ask	you,	where
	is	this	recipe?"
	"Why,	I	don't	know,	truly	I	don't."
	Wise	smiled	at	her	as	at	a	foolish	child,	but	the
	saucy	little	brown	face	looked	very	sober	as	she
	said,	seriously:	"and	you	call	yourself	a	detective!
	Why,	Penny-piece	of	Wisdom,	that	recipe	is	the	bone
	of	contention.	At	least,	if	it	isn't	found,	it	is."
	"And	did	the	women	murder	him	for	that?"
	"Like	as	not."
	[225]


COMPOUNDS	OF	BISMUTH.	349
	bismuth	chloride	and	stannous	chloride,	SnCl	2	.	Stan-
	nous	chloride	combines	very	readily	with	chlorine	to
	form	stannic	chloride,	SnCl	4	.	When,	therefore,	stannous
	chloride	and	bismuth	chloride	are	brought	together,	it
	is	probable	that	the	former	extracts	a	part	of	the	chlo-
	rine	from	the	latter,	forming	a	chloride	of	the	formula
	BiCl	2	,	and	this	with	the	potassium	hydroxide	breaks
	down,	yielding	the	dioxide	:
	2BiCl	3	+	Sn01	2	=	2BiCl	2	+	SnCl	4	;
	2BiCl	a	+	4KOH	=	Bi	2	2	+	4KC1	+	2H	2	O.
	Bismuth.	Pentoxide,	Bi	2	O	5	,	is	formed	by	oxidizing	the
	trioxide,	by	means	of	chlorine,	in	alkaline	solution.	Al-
	though	some	experimenters	appear	to	have	obtained	salts
	of	bismuthic	acid,	as,	for	example,	KBiO	3	,	others	have
	failed	to	obtain	them.	In	any	case	it	is	evident	that	the
	acid	properties	of	the	oxide	are	very	weak.
	Bismuth.	Trisulphide,	Bi	2	S	3	,	occurs	in	nature,	and	is
	formed	by	precipitating	bismuth	from	solutions	of	its
	salts	with	hydrogen	sulphide.	It	dissolves	in	hot	con-
	centrated	hydrochloric	acid	and	in	nitric	acid.	It	does
	not	dissolve	in	solutions	of	the	sulphides	as	the	sulphides
	of	arsenic	and	antimony	do.
	Bismuth	Oxychloride,	BiOCl,	which	in	composition	is
	analogous	to	the	simplest	form	of	antimony	oxy	chloride,
	is	thrown	down	as	a	white	powder	when	a	solution	con-
	taining	bismuth	chloride	is	treated	with	water	:
	BiCl	3	+	H	3	O	=	BiOCl	+	2HC1.
	FAMILY	Y,	GROUP	A.
	As	the	members	of	Group	A,	Family	VII,	are	related
	to	Group	B	of	the	same	family	;	and	as	the	members	of
	Group	A,	Family	VI,	are	related	to	the	members	of	Group
	B	of	the	same	family,	so	the	members	of	Group	A,.	Family
	V,	are	related	to	the	members	of	Group	B,	which	have	just
	been	studied.	The	members	of	Group	A	are	vanadium,
	columbium,	tantalum,	and	didymium,	all	of	which	are
	rare.	Of	these	vanadium	has	been	most	thoroughly	in-
	vestigated,	and	columbium	next,


126	JESUS	AND	BARABI3AS.
	But	if	we	are	interested	in	the	progress	of	our	species,
	the	welfare	of	our	fel!ow-men,	or	the	bettering	of	society,
	are	we	following	Christ	s	method	to	Christ	s	ideal	kingdom	?
	For	instance:	have	you	begun	at	home?	The	kingdom
	of	God	is	first	"	within	you."	Is	it	true	that	you	have	come
	to	God	by	Christ,	a	penitent	confessing	disloyalty,	accept
	ing	pardon,	and	enthroning	His	blessed	will	as	law	over
	your	own	affections,	motives,	and	pursuits	?	Is	the	mind	of
	God,	disclosed	in	Jesus	life,	the	regulative	thought	with
	which	you	strive	to	bring	yourself	into	harmony?	Then
	you	cannot	live	for	yourself.	You	must	be	making	a	little
	kingdom	of	God	close	by	you,	among	your	own	nearest,	at
	home,	in	your	Church	or	neighbourhood	striving	to	bring
	other	hearts	under	the	sway	of	the	same	law	of	holy	love.
	And	you	should	be	doing	it	in	Jesus	spirit	:	with	scrupulous
	care	to	do	no	wrong	to	any	in	the	effort	to	do	good	;
	humbly	serving	the	needs	of	others	at	your	private	cost	;
	and	by	sweet	gentleness,	patient	endurance,	unwearied
	kindness,	and	faith	that	never	faileth,	winning	hearts	to
	the	cross	of	the	Son	of	God.	To	do	this	is	to	be	loyal	to
	Christ	s	mind.	To	do	this	and	be	content	to	let	the
	sacred	spirit	of	love	steal	its	slow	and	silent	way	from	soul
	to	soul,	awaiting	the	issue	God	will	send	in	a	quiet	trust
	that	sooner	or	later	His	kingdom	will	come	!	Thus	to	live
	out	Christ	s	life,	and	be	in	the	world	as	He	was,	a	leaven
	of	God	working	in	secret,	is	not	easy.	It	is	hard.	It	is
	unacknowledged,	it	is	unrequited,	on	earth.	It	is	a
	sacrifice	of	the	very	will	and	soul	of	one	s	self	which	no
	chaplet	crowns	and	no	crowds	applaud.	But	it	is	loyalty
	to	the	Divine	Man	and	Master	:	and	that	pays	all	!	It	is
	drinking	out	of	His	cup	Whom	the	people	refused.	It	is
	such	work	as	only	the	humble	can	do,	and	the	believing,


THE	MEDDLING	HUSSY
	Being	Fourteen	Tales	Retold
	BY
	CLINTON	ROSS
	NEW	YORK
	STONE	AND	KIMBALL
	M	DCCCXCVII


THE	PRINCE
	And	she	bore	down	with	her	decision	the	superficial
	lack	of	sequence.	"They	may	very	possibly,	for	a
	demonstration	as	I	see	them	not	have	come
	back."
	He	could	but	wonder,	at	this,	how	she	did	see	them.
	"May	have	bolted	somewhere	together?"
	"	May	have	stayed	over	at	Matcham	itself	till	to
	morrow.	May	have	wired	home,	each	of	them,	since
	Maggie	left	me.	May	have	done,"	Fanny	Assingham
	continued,	"God	knows	what!"	She	went	on	sud
	denly	with	more	emotion	which,	at	the	pressure
	of	some	spring	of	her	inner	vision,	broke	out	in	a
	wail	of	distress	imperfectly	smothered.	"Whatever
	they've	done	I	shall	never	know.	Never,	never
	because	I	don't	want	to	and	because	nothing	will
	induce	me.	So	they	may	do	as	they	like.	But	I've
	worked	for	them	all!	"	She	uttered	this	last	with
	another	irrepressible	quaver,	and	the	next	moment	her
	tears	had	come,	though	she	had,	with	the	explosion,
	quitted	her	husband	as	if	to	hide	it	from	him.	She
	passed	into	the	dusky	drawing-room	where	during
	his	own	prowl	shortly	previous	he	had	drawn	up	a
	blind,	so	that	the	light	of	the	street-lamps	came	in
	a	little	at	the	window.	She	made	for	this	window,
	against	which	she	leaned	her	head,	while	the	Colonel,
	with	his	lengthened	face,	looked	after	her	for	a	min
	ute	and	hesitated.	He	might	have	been	trying	to
	guess	what	she	had	really	done,	to	what	extent,	be
	yond	his	knowledge	or	his	conception,	in	the	affairs
	of	these	people,	she	could	have	committed	herself.
	But	to	hear	her	cry	and	yet	do	her	best	not	to	was
	quickly	enough	too	much	for	him	;	he	had	known	her
	377


1564
	HISTORY	OF	THE	UNITED	STATES	CHAP.	LXXXVIII
	PERIOD	vu	he	remained	for	three	years,	when	he	was	transferred	to	the	Fifth
	THE	NEW	Infantry.	His	services	as	an	Indian	fighter	have	been	of	the	most
	UNITED	*
	STATES	brilliant	kind.	He	commanded	the	Indian	Territory	expedition	or
	GENERAL	MILES
	1873,	drove	Sitting	Bull	into	Canada,	captured	Chief	Joseph,	ctnd,
	in	1878,	took	prisoners	the	troublesome	band	of	Bannocks	in
	Yellowstone	Park.	He	succeeded	in	bringing	in	Sitting	Bull,


70	LEAD	REFINING	BY	ELECTROLYSIS.
	A	difficulty	is	the	storage	of	chlorine.	The	electrolytic
	plant	should	run	continuously	and	the	chlorine	would	be
	required	intermittently.	This	has	probably	been	one	of	the
	reasons	why	chlorination	has	not	been	applied	more	in	metal-
	lurgy.	It	seems	to	me	that	an	easy	way	to	store	chlorine
	is	to	condense	it	by	means	of	sulphur	to	sulphur	chloride,
	and	produce	chlorine	therefrom	by	warming	the	sulphur	chlo-
	ride.	At	temperatures	below	30	C.	the	mixture	saturated
	with	chlorine	has	the	composition	SC1	4	.	At	6	the	compo-
	sition	is	SC12,	and	at	139	SCI.	Chlorine	is	very	readily
	absorbed	by	the	sulphur	and	its	chlorides	at	the	appropriate
	temperatures.	In	a	paper	on	his	chlorine	smelting	process
	Ashcroft	*	has	described	methods	of	pumping	and	drying
	chlorine.	A	special	process	for	drying	chlorine	is	not	neces-
	sary	in	presence	of	sulphur,	as	sulphur	chlorides	decompose
	water.	The	chlorine	vaporized	from	sulphur	chloride	will
	contain	some	sulphur,	but	this	is	a	desirable	circumstance,
	as	any	metallic	oxides	are	readily	converted	to	chlorides	by
	sulphur	chloride,	even	such	oxides	as	those	of	aluminum	and
	silicon	being	convertible	in	this	way.f
	The	conversion	of	the	chlorides	of	antimony	and	bismuth
	into	metal	is	easy	in	the	case	of	bismuth,	because	all	that
	it	is	necessary	to	do	is	to	decompose	the	bismuth	chloride
	with	melted	lead.	Antimony	chloride	boils	below	the	melt-
	ing-point	of	lead	and	well	below	the	melting-point	of	anti-
	mony,	so	that	it	would	have	to	be	passed	into	melted	lead
	as	a	vapor.
	It	has	been	proposed	f	to	treat	slime	with	chlorine	in	the
	*	Electrochem.	and	Metall.	Industry,	Vol.	IV,	1906,	page	96.
	fU.	C	5	.	patent,	Betts,	712640,	November	4,	1902.


THOUGHTS,	ETC.	79
	tojnle	mafcfnij	t&e	rabe	of	a
	&lt;hfitj.
	ROOM,	gentle	flowers	!	my	child	would	pass	to
	heaven	!
	:	Ye	look	d	not	for	her	yet	with	your	soft	eyes,
	watchful	ushers	at	Death	s	narrow	door	!
	Hut	lo	!	while	you	delay	to	let	her	forth,
	Angels,	beyond,	stay	for	her	!	One	long	kiss
	i-	rorn	lips	all	pale	with	agony,	and	tears,
	Wrung	after	anguish	had	dried	up	with	fire
	The	eyes	that	wept	them,	were	the	cup	of	life
	i	Held	as	a	welcome	to	her.	Weep	!	oh	mother	!
	;	But	not	that	from	this	cup	of	bitterness
	!	A	cherub	of	the	sky	has	turn	d	away.
	i	One	look	upon	thy	face	ere	thou	depart	!
	|	My	daughter	!	It	is	soon	to	let	thee	go	!
	j	My	daughter	!	With	thy	birth	has	gush	d	a	spring	j
	1	knew	not	of	filling	my	heart	with	tears,
	And	turning	with	strange	tenderness	to	thee
	A	love	oh	God	!	it	seems	so	that	must	flow


PENTECOSTALS,	OR	SMOKE-FARTHINGS	429
	7d.;	Chastleton	fd.;	Little	Rollright	sjd.;	Chadlington	i5d.;
	Salford	4-f	d.	;	Sarsden	4^	d.	;	Heythrop	6	d.	;	Swinbrook	7j	d.	;
	Asterley	5	J	d.	;	Ascot	6-|	d.	;	Fifield	5	d.	;	Idbury	7	d.	l
	Deanery	of	Woodstock.
	Woodstock	i8d.;	Great	Barton	i2d.	;	Kiddington	7^d.:	Glympton
	9	d.	;	Sandford	7^	d.	;	Westcot	Barton	8	d.	;	Dunstew	13	d.	;	North
	Aston	lod.	;	Steeple	Aston	i2^d.	[i2d.];	Rowsham	nd.;	Tackley
	i6d.	;	Shipton	5^d.	;	Kidlinton	24d.;	Bladon	iod.;	Hanborough
	13	d.	[13-2	d.];	Stanton	Harcourt	24	d.	[18	d.];	Coggs	12	d.;	South-
	leigh	7	d.	;	Wootton	16	d.	;	Eynesham	18	d.	;	Combe	9	d.	;	Begbroke
	5^d.;	Wilcot	4d.;	Cassington	.20	d.;	Stonesfield	4-|d.	[7d.];
	Yarnton	13	d.	2
	Deanery	of	Bicester.
	Lillingston	9	d.	[10	d.]	;	Mixbury	12	d.	;	Finmere	9	d.	;	Heath	6	d.
	[7	d.]	;	Fringford	8	d.	;	Bicester	24	d.	;	Chesterton	12	d.	;	Charlton
	9|d.	;	Middleton	9^	d.	[9	\	d.]	;	Heyford	ad	Pontem	iod.	;	Somerton
	6d.	;	Tusmore	6d.	;	Souldern	8d.	[7d.];	Fritwell	8d.;	Ardley	6d.;
	Stoke	Lyne	13	d.	;	Cottisford	5	d.	;	Bucknell	8	d.	;	Oddington	6	d.	;
	Islip	1	1	d.	;	Weston	1	2	d.	;	Blechingdon	8	d.	;	Kirtlington	1	6	d.	;
	Wendlebury	9^	d.	;	Launton	1	1	d.	;	Hampton	Poyle	5	d.	;	Heyford
	Warren	8d.	[7d.];	Godington	7d.	;	Shelswell	3^d.	;	Hardwick	3|d.;
	Newington	Purcell	3	d.	;	Fulwell	3	d.	;	Hampton	Gay	5	d.	;	Noke	4	d.
	[8J<L].
	Deanery	of	Aston.
	Chinnor	17	d.	;	Aston	28d.	;	Crowell	i2d.	[7d.];	Lewknor	i8d.	;
	Shirburn	io^d.	;	Pyrton	i8Jd.	[i8^d.];	Watlington	i6d.	;	Ewelme
	iod.;	Cuxham	4|	d.	;	Brightwell	6^	d.	;	Chalgro	ve	1	8	d.	[	1	8	d.]	;
	Weston	4^d.;	Stoke	Talmage	4-|d.;	Wheatfield	4^	d.	[4^	d.J	;
	Emmington	6d.	[lo^d.];	Ibstone	4|d.	;	Adwell	3^d.;	Britwell	3-|d.;
	Easington	2^	d.	[2^	d.]	;	Warpsgrove	3^	d.
	Deanery	of	Witney.
	Bradwell	18	d.	;	Kencot	4	d.	;	Burford	28	d.	;	Taynton	7	d.	;	West-
	well	4-|d.;	Asthall	6d.;	Minster	Lovell	7d.;	Witney	32d.;	Duckling-
	ton	iod.;	Northmoor	14^	d.;	Standlake	15	d.;	Bampton	32	d.;
	1	The	rental	of	Charles	I	omits	2	The	rental	adds	Northleigh	14	d.'
	Asterley,	but	gives	*	Heythrop	6	d.'	:<	The	rental	adds	'	Merton	9	d.	;
	twice.	It	also	inserts	*	Shorthampton	Ambrosden	15	d.'
	4	|d.'


THE	FABLE	OF	THE	PREACHER
	WHO	FLEW	HIS	KITE,	BUT	NOT
	BECAUSE	HE	WISHED	TO	DO	SO
	A	CERTAIN	Preacher	became
	wise	to	the	Fact	that	he	was
	not	making	a	Hit	with	his
	Congregation.	The	Parishioners	did
	not	seem	inclined	to	seek	him	out	after
	Services	and	tell	him	he	was	a	Pansy.
	He	suspected	that	they	were	Rapping
	him	on	the	Quiet.
	The	Preacher	knew	there	must	be
	something	wrong	with	his	Talk.	He
	had	bxjen	trying	&lt;-o	Expound	in	a	clear
	and	straightforward	Manner	omitting
	Foreign	Quotations,	setting	up	for	illus-
	63


American	Institutions.	Tlie	School.	99
	Since	1865,	when	the	great	Civil	War	ended,	the	Southern
	States,	in	the	face	of	great	obstacles,	have	made	commendable
	exertions	to	establish	public	schools.	Every	State	in	the
	Union	has	now	a	common-school	system	in	varied	stages	of
	honest	approach	to	efficiency.	In	Europe	the	national	gov
	ernment	controls	the	schools.	In	the	United	States	each
	State	passes	such	laws	on	this	subject	as	it	pleases.	The	sup
	port	of	common	schools	in	this	country	is	derived	from	various
	sources.	Once	it	came	from	town	treasuries	and	from	rate-
	bills.	This	last	source	of	revenue	is	now	abandoned	in	all	the
	States.	Now	common	schools	receive	their	support	from
	three	sources	:	first,	income	of	permanent	funds	;	second,	taxa
	tion	;	third,	voluntary	subscriptions	or	contributions.	The
	conditions	of	admission	of	most	of	the	States,	since	the	origi
	nal	Union	was	formed,	have	embodied	large	landed	provisions
	for	the	support	of	common	schools	in	these	States.	Public
	schools,	common	schools,	or	free	schools	are	designations
	applied	to	schools	established	by	legislative	enactments,	sup
	ported	by	funds	derived	from	legislative	appropriations	for
	the	free	elementary	education	of	all	the	children	in	a	com
	munity	or	State.	The	extensive	common-school	systems	of
	large	cities	are	usually	chiefly	supported	by	local	taxation.
	The	general	necessity	for	every	community	to	promote	the
	diffusion	of	education	among	all	classes	is	presupposed	in	the
	support	of	schools	either	wholly	or	in	part	by	the	state.
	.Democratic	governments	have	always	recognized	this	princi
	ple,	but	the	foes	of	democracy	oppose	and	seek	to	overthrow
	it.	The	safety	and	prosperity	of	Sparta	are	declared	to	have
	been	based	upon	the	education	of	every	child	of	the	ruling
	classes	in	the	community,	and	public	schools	were	furnished
	also	for	all	the	ruling	classes	of	the	citizens	of	Athens	;	but
	the	free	States	of	the	American	republic	have	attempted	to
	carry	out	this	principle	to	the	fullest	extent,	providing	free
	education	of	different	grades	for	all	classes,	recognizing	the
	principle	that	all	the	people	are	sovereigns,	making	common


CHAPTER	VII.
	ENTRANCE	OF	THE	CIVIL	MAGISTRATE,	AND	DISCUSSION
	IN	SECESSION	CHURCHES.
	I.	IN	the	year	1778,	the	Associate	or	Burgher	Synod
	published	i	"	Re-exhibition	of	the	Testimony,"	in	which
	they	disavowed	being	schismatics,	and	asserted	"that
	they	had	never	seceded	from	the	principles
	Re-exhibi-	.	-	_	*	_
	tionpf	the	and	constitution	of	the	Church,	professed	and
	Testimony.	esta	bi{	s	hed	at	the	Reformation	and	Revolu
	tion,	but	had	adhered	to	these	in	opposition	to	the
	prevailing	party	who	had	receded	from	them."	They	also
	alleged	that,	during	the	forty-five	years	since	the	Seces
	sion,	the	National	Church	had	so	deteriorated	as	to	remove
	the	prospect	of	reunion	to	a	greater	distance	than	ever.
	The	two	Synods	of	the	Associate	and	General	Associate
	bodies,	ever	since	the	Civil	Magistrate	had	divided	them
	on	the	interpretation	of	the	Burgess	Oath,	had	for	many
	years	each	"apart	sat	on	its	hill."	Under	the	Great
	King	and	Lord	of	the	Church	they	had	enjoyed	peace
	and	prosperity,	having	thoroughly	equipped	schools	of
	theological	education,	the	administration	of	the	same	pure
	discipline,	the	same	views	of	the	rights	of	the	individual
	conscience	and	of	the	sacred	liberties	of	the	Church,
	and,	being	supported	by	the	same	method	of	voluntary
	offerings	by	their	people,	were	gradually	increasing	in
	influence	and	efficiency,	as	well	as	extending	over	the
	country,	and	radiating	a	healthy	though	unacknowledged
	55


WHEAT.
	Tnticum	^Estivum.
	GRAMIXEJE.	Triticum	Hybernwn.
	(Summer	and	Winter	Wheat.)
	iis	grain	and	the	vine	are	referred	to	in	Scripture	more
	frequently	than	any	other	plants.	The	word	"wheat"
	in	several	places	in	our	version	refers	to	grain	in	gene
	ral,	or	to	"corn."	But,	though	this	may	be	true	in
	reference	to	some	passages,	it	cannot	be	equally	true
	of	all,	for	in	many	the	signification	is	definitely	wheat.	Corn
	was	the	most	general	term,	including	barley	and	the	rye,	or
	spelt,	of	the	Egyptians	as	well	as	wheat.	The	wheat	of	Egypt
	was	mostly	of	the	large	ear,	containing	more	grains	than	any
	variety	cultivated	in	this	country,	and	is	called	tritkwn	coin-
	positum.	The	earliest	method	of	preparing	the	wheat	for
	eating	was	by	simply	parching	the	grains,	which	is	still
	the	practice	in	many	countries.	Afterward,	the	method	was
	adopted	of	simply	breaking	up	the	grains	in	a	mortar,	and
	then	mixing	this	coarse	flour	with	water	and	baking	without
	yeast.	Similar	corn	bread,	with	some	yeast,	has	been	found	in
	Egyptian	tombs	and	in	Ilerculaneum.
	Wheat	changes	its	character	somewhat	by	varied	cultivation,
	and	receives	a	name	in	accordance	with	its	color,	shape,	weight,
	bearded	or	bald	ear.	In	some	countries	varieties	grow	so	tall
	that	as	in	Guzerat	a	horseman	may	pass	along	unseen	in
	163


150	Prairie	Blossoms
	PRAIRIE	BLOSSOMS.
	THE	THOUGHTS	OF	A	GENIUS.
	A	genius	thoughts	at	best	are	like	wild	cattle	;
	They	always	come	in	droves	and	out	of	order
	Not	like	a	well-drilled	army	into	battle,
	More	like	the	bison	on	the	Kansan	border.
	So	we	must	catch	them	while	we	can.	What	rattle
	They	make	stampeding	on	the	fertile	plain
	Within	a	bold	and	mighty	genius	brain!
	KNOWLEDGE.
	We	know	but	little	of	our	neighbor	s	pains;
	They	nurse,	then	loathe,	then	bless,	then	curse,
	by	turns.
	The	mind	forever	after	knowledge	strains,
	Altho	tis	sorrow	to	the	heart	that	learns.
	The	greedy	heart	of	man	wails	out	complains,
	If	life	refuses	more	of	knowledge	yearns
	For	more	of	knowledge!	Knowledge!	"Tho	it
	knows
	Tis	always	pickled	with	the	juice	of	woes."
	A	MYSTERY	REVEALED.
	One	morning,in	the	balmy	month	of	June,
	(You	know	it	is	not	balmy	all	the	year),
	There	was	a	bustle	in	our	little	town,
	And	matrons	to	and	fro	began	to	steer
	And,	at	the	corners,	whisper,	undertone,
	A	secret	each	into	another	s	ear,


290
	that	meant	was	that	the	typical	curriculum	is	printed	in	the	catalog.	The	state	mandates
	that	you	give	those	courses,	that	s	what	taxes	pay	for,	and	so	they	ve	got	to	be	taught,
	unless	nobody	shows	up	to	attend	them.	On	top	of	that	of	course,	there	s	usually	soft
	money,	or	rather	extra	money	for	enrichment,	things	that	you	don	t	have	to	give	every
	year,	because	for	example,	it	might	be	so	new	that	it	hasn	t	gone	through	the	process
	of	being	incorporated	into	the	catalog.
	I	wound	up	being,	because	of	my	presumed	broad	background	in	material	science	I
	would	be	a	good	candidate	to	teach	E45,	which	was	an	engineering	college	wide	course,
	"E"	meant	engineering,	it	pertained	to	no	particular	department.	That	particular	one	was
	called	something	like	"Properties	of	Engineering	Materials."
	Wilmot:	Why	were	you	presumed	to	have	a	broad	background,	when	it	seems	to	me	you	had	a
	very	specific	background?
	Bragg:	Well,	that	s	the	way	it	looks	to	the	outsider,	but	in	fact	if	you	look	at	materials	science,
	the	scope	of	materials	that	are	available,	that	our	society	sees	is	very	broad.	I	started	out
	working	in	cement,	concrete,	or	cement/concrete.	But	in	the	process	of	doing	that	I	had
	to	learn	something	about	clay	minerals,	soils.	They	are	used	in	the	manufacture	of
	cement,	and	also	sometimes	in	the	applications	of	civil	engineering,	for	example.	Also,
	when	you	look	at	the	pure	compound,	it	s	a	branch	of	inorganic	chemistry.	So	for	the
	first	five	years	I	m	doing	that	and	nothing	else.	But	also	I	was	involved	in	materials
	characterization.	It	s	not	only	what	s	there,	but	why?	What	s	the	structure,	and	how	it
	responds	to	various	changes	that	you	make?	Add	water	to	it,	heat	it,	stretch	it,	whatnot.
	But	then,	the	next	five	years	at	the	Armor	Research	Foundation	I	was	involved	in	the
	solid	state	physics	section	of	the	foundation,	the	IIT	Research	Institute.	And	there,	we
	were	concerned	with	electronic	properties	of	materials.	That	involves	magnetic
	properties	and	optical	properties,	and	semiconductors,	insulators.	Never	saw	any
	cement,	never	had	to	do	anything	with	cement	from	1956	on	cement	was	out.	But	now
	I	m	over	into	a	whole	new	venue,	you	see.	Also,	some	radiation	damage,	so	it	puts	me
	into	nuclear	applications	as	well.	I	run	the	x-ray	laboratory	there	as	well.	But	we	had
	done	studies	of	alkalide-halide	scintillators,	these	are	materials	that	are	used	to	make
	scintillation	counters	for	a	nuclear	applications.	So	I	m	into	solid	state	physics	now.
	Then,	when	I	went	to	Lockheed,	I	went	in	the	metallurgy	division,	in	the	material
	science	laboratory.	But	the	part	of	it	that	I	was	most	active	in	was	metallurgy.	And	we
	also	did	plastics.	So	that	covers	all	of	it.	So	in	that	sense	I	was	practically	the	only	real
	materials	scientist	there,	because	I	had	been	involved	on	a	hands-on	basis	with	every
	aspect	of	materials	in	one	way	or	another.	So	who	better	suited	to	teach	the	introductory
	course	in	properties	of	materials	that	all	the	engineering	students	had	to	take?	It	didn	t
	matter	what	branch	you	were	going	to	go	into,	whether	it	was	civil	engineering,
	electrical	engineering,	mechanical	engineering,	nuclear	engineering,	it	didn	t	matter.
	Sooner	or	later	if	you	made	anything	at	all,	you	had	to	make	it	out	of	something,	and
	that	something	would	be	a	material,	necessarily.	So	that	meant	that	an	intelligent
	engineer,	one	well-trained	with	more	than	just	a	cookbook	knowledge,	should
	understand	something	about	the	properties	of	materials,	and	some	basis	for
	understanding	what	they	are	like	and	what	you	could	do,	without	trying	to	make	experts
	out	of	them.


302	LIFE	AND	ADVENTURES	OF
	band	that	unless	he	immediately	restored	the	stolen
	property,	she	would	leave	him,	as	she	could	not	live	with
	a	thief;	and	that	she	would	notify	me	at	once.	But	he
	begged	of	her	not	to	write	to	me;	that	he	would	go	and
	get	the	gold	and	place	it	where	I	could	get	it.	He
	wanted	to	go	to	San	Francisco	and	get	supplies	for	the
	hotel,	and	while	on	that	business	he	said	he	would	go	up
	and	make	the	restoration.	He	left	home	to	get	the	sup
	plies,	but	never	returned.
	After	his	wife	discovered	that	he	was	not	coming	back,
	she	wrote	to	me,	giving	me	the	foregoing	information,
	that	we	might	go	and	find	the	gold.	The	first	thing	I
	did	was	to	go	to	the	old	well.	I	lifted	a	few	stones,	and
	soon	found	the	jewelry.	I	then	took	the	old	tub	out	of
	the	well	and	there	found	the	truth	of	Alexander's	asser
	tion	that	I	had	punched	holes	in	his	handkerchief,	as
	there	was	about	seventy-three	dollars'	worth	of	the	gold-
	dust	left	in	the	tub.	I	then	got	my	brother	William	to
	accompany	me,	and	went	in	the	night	to	the	South	Fork
	Canal,	to	the	place	described,	and	made	a	vigorous	search
	for	the	money;	but	we	found	nothing.	We	then	went
	into	the	ditch	and	into	the	water	in	hopes	of	finding	the
	prize,	supposing	that	it	might	have	slid	down	from	the
	bank	into	the	ditch,	but	were	again	unsuccessful.	We
	then	made	arrangements	with	the	ditch-tender	at	Negro
	Hill	to	shut	off	the	water	at	night	and	give	us	an	oppor
	tunity	to	hunt.	But,	to	make	a	long	story	short,	we
	never	found	the	dust,	and	the	only	conclusion	we	could
	arrive	at	was	that	Alexander	had	carried	it	.off.	Subse
	quently	my	wife	lost	her	little	boy,	when	she	became
	nearly	broken-hearted;	and,	having	been	for	some	years
	afflicted	with	tape-worm,	she	sank	by	degrees	and	died
	at	the	end	of	four	years	after	our	marriage.


xiv	Contents
	PAGE
	ment.	The	Epistle	to	the	Hebrews	teaches	how,	through	the	sym
	bolism	of	those	rites	which	were	continual,	Israel	passed	to	the
	expectation	of	a	Divine	Sufferer,	in	whom	all	should	be	fulfilled,	by
	the	single	Sacrifice	of	Himself.
	APPENDIX	:	(i)	On	the	dimness	of	faith	and	the	imperfection	of
	Levitical	sacrifices	;	(2)	On	self-sacrificing	heroism	before	faith	in
	Christ.
	CHAPTER	III.	CHRISTIAN	PENITENCE	.	.	.	.27
	Not	the	Jewish	race	at	large	had	developed	penitence	in	anticipa
	tion	of	Christ	s	coming,	nor	did	they	receive	Him	as	Saviour	when
	He	came,	nor	at	any	subsequent	period.	But,	for	the	faithful	remnant
	among	them,	the	Law	had	been	their	tutor	to	bring	them	unto	Christ.
	When	Christ	appeared	He	drew	to	Him	penitents	like	St.	Peter	and
	St.	Mary	Magdalene,	entirely	believing	and	hopeful.
	Atonement	for	sin	was	effected	by	the	self-oblation	of	One	in
	whom	sinless	humanity	was	united	to	the	infinite	power	of	Eternal
	Godhead.	Our	Lord	could	not	acknowledge	guilt	for	sins	which	He
	had	not	committed	;	yet	He	made	them	His	own	through	suffering
	their	consequences	to	be	visited	on	Himself.	And	the	power	and
	wisdom	of	God	were	present	in	the	Sufferer,	making	the	merits	of	His
	sacrifice	infinite.
	He	laid	down	His	life,	that	He	might	take	it	again.	Through	His
	Resurrection	Christians	have	eternal	life,	the	new	birth	in	Baptism,
	and	the	fulness	of	membership	in	Him	through	the	holy	Eucharistic
	Feast.
	Although	the	Eucharist	entirely	reconciles	the	penitent	soul	to
	God,	it	requires	previous	preparation	by	Confession	and	Absolution.
	The	Sacrifice	is	for	all	mankind,	but	those	who	unite	with	their	Lord
	in	offering	this	must	have	had	their	own	consciences	cleansed.
	There	is	a	new	note	of	joy,	but	the	penitence	of	the	Old	Testa
	ment	is	preserved,	and	the	Christian	s	sorrow	becomes	compunction,
	as	he	looks	on	Him	whom	he	pierced.
	APPENDIX	:	A.	Statements	on	the	impeccability	of	Jesus	Christ.
	B.	St.	Mary	Magdalene.
	CHAPTER	IV.	THE	DUTY	OF	CONFESSION,	FROM	HOLY
	SCRIPTURE	AND	THE	APOSTLES	DOCTRINE	.	.44
	Confession	is	required	by	human	society,	to	prove	whether	reforma
	tion	of	self	is	sincere.	Confession	has	also	a	religious	aspect	towards
	God.	Because	God	is	holy,	and	God	is	light,	we	cannot	but	acknow
	ledge	our	own	darkness	before	Him.	Because	God	is	love,	we	must
	tell	Him	of	the	instances	in	which	we	have	wounded	His	love.
	Confession	is	itself	breaking	from	sin,	and	leads	to	the	peace	of
	forgiveness.
	Confession,	in	the	Scriptural	examples,	was	usually	made	audibly.
	"	With	the	mouth	confession	is	made	"	of	whatever	kind.	Corporate
	acts	were	rare	under	the	Law	;	but	the	tone	of	confession,	where
	recorded,	is	very	sorrowful	and	humble.
	In	the	New	Testament	Confession	has	the	sanction	of	various
	apostles	;	and	it	appears	to	have	been	generally	made	in	public,	while
	the	audience	prayed	:	thus	Christians	charitably	"	bare	one	another	s


TABLES
	All	measures	are	level;	leveling	done	with	back	of	a	case	knife.
	Standard	tablespoon,	teaspoon	and	half	pint	measuring	cup	are	used.
	Flour,	powdered	sugar	and	soda	should	be	sifted	before	measuring.
	To	measure	butter,	lard,	etc.,	pack	into	a	cup	or	spoon	and	make	level	with	case	knife.
	For	a	half	spoonful	divide	through	center	lengthwise.
	For	a	quarter	spoonful	divide	the	half	crosswise.
	For	an	eighth	spoonful	divide	quarter	diagonally.
	Table	of	Measure
	A	speck
	4	saltspoons
	3	teaspoons
	16	tablespoons
	2	gills
	1	wine	glass
	2	tablespoons	butter
	2	tablespoons	granulated	sugar
	4	cups	sifted	pastry	flour
	3	cups	sifted	Gold	Medal	flour
	3	tablespoons	sifted	Gold	Medal	flour
	2	cups	granulated	sugar
	2	cups	butter
	2	cups	chopped	meat,	packed	1
	2	cups	rice	1
	1	cup	corn	meal	6
	1	cup	stemmed	raisins	6
	1	cup	cleaned	currants	6
	1	cup	stale	bread	crumbs.....	2
	10	eggs,	average	size	1
	%	oz.	bottle	extract	...12
	saltspoon.
	teaspoon.
	tablespoon.
	cup.
	cup.
	gill.
	ounce.
	ounce.
	pound.
	pound.
	ounce.
	pound.
	pound.
	pound.
	pound.
	ounces.
	ounces.
	ounces.
	ounces.
	pound.
	teaspoons.
	Table	of	Proportions
	I	quart	of	flour	requires	1%
	1	quart	of	flour	requires	4
	1	quart	of	flour	requires	6
	1	quart	of	flour	requires	1
	quart	of	flour	requires	1
	quart	of	flour	requires	4
	quart	of	flour	requires	1
	measure	of	liquid	to	3
	teaspoon	of	soda	to	1
	teaspoon	of	soda	to	1
	teaspoon	of	salt	to	1
	cup	of	butter,	or	butter	and	lard
	mixed	for	pastry,
	tablespoons	of	butter	for	biscuit,
	tablespoons	of	butter	for	shortcake,
	cup	of	butter	for	cup	cakes,
	level	teaspoon	of	salt,
	teaspoons	of	baking	powder,
	pint	of	liquid	for	batters,
	measures	flour	for	bread,
	pint	of	sour	milk,
	cup	of	molasses,
	pound	of	meat.
	+	Time	lor	Baking
	Loaf	Bread	45
	Rolls	and	Biscuit	10
	Graham	Gems....	30
	Gingerbread	20
	Sponge	Cake	45
	Plain	Cake	30
	Fruit	Cake	2
	Cookies	10
	Bread	Pudding	1
	Rice	and	Tapioca	1
	Indian	Pudding	2
	Steamed	Pudding	1
	Steamed	Brown	Bread	3
	Custards	15
	Pies	\	30
	PJ-	TI	Pudding	.	2
	to	60
	to	20
	to	30
	to	60
	to	40
	to	3
	to	15
	hour,
	hour,
	to	3
	to	3
	hours,
	to	20
	to	45
	to	3
	minutes
	minutes'
	minutes'
	minutes,
	minutes.
	minutes.
	hours.
	minutes.
	hours,
	hours.
	minutes,
	minutes,
	hours.
	Time	for	Vegetables
	Greens	Dandelions	1%	hours.
	Spinach	25	to	30	minutes.
	String	Beans	1	to	2	hours.
	Green	Peas	20	to	30	minutes.
	Beets	1	to	3	hours.
	Turnips	1	to	3	hours.
	Squash	1	hour.
	Potatoes,	boiled	20	to	30	minutes.
	Potatoes,	baked	1	hour.
	Corn	20	minutes.
	Carrots	%	to	1	hour.
	Asparagus	15	to	25	minutes.
	Cabbage	.	1	to	3	hours.
	Time	for	Broiling
	Steak,	1	inch	thick	4	to	6	minutes.
	Steak,	1%	inch	thick	8	to	15	minutes.
	Fish,	small	and	thin	>.	5	to	8	minutes.
	Fish,	thick	15	to	25	minutes.
	Chickens	...20	to	30	minutes.
	Time	for	Meats
	Beef,	underdone,	per	pound	9	to
	Beef,	fillet	of..	20	to
	Mutton,	leg,	per	pound	10	to
	Mutton,	stuffed	shoulder,	per	pound	18
	Veal,	loin	of,	plain,	per	pound	15	to
	Veal,	stuffed,	per	pound	20
	Pork,	spare	rib,	per	pound	15	to
	Pork,	loin	or	shoulder,	per	pound.	20	to
	Liver,	baked	or	braised	...	1	to
	Corned	Beef,	per	pound	25	to
	Boiled	(simmered)	Beef,	per	pound	20	to
	Ham,	per	pound,	after	water	begins	to	boil	15	to
	Bacon,	per	pound	15
	Chickens,	baked,	three	to	four	pounds	1	to
	Turkey,	ten	pounds	3
	Goose,	eight	pounds	3
	Duck,	tame	40	to
	Duck,	wild	30	to
	Grouse,	Pigeons,	and	other	large	birds	30
	Small	birds	10	to
	Venison,	per	pound	15
	Fish,	long	and	thin,	six	to	eight	pounds	1
	Fish,	thick,	six	to	eight	pounds	l^to
	Fish,	small	...25	to
	10	minutes.
	40	minutes.
	12	minutes.
	minutes.
	18	minutes.
	minutes.
	20	minutes.
	30	minutes.
	1%	hours.
	30	minutes.
	30	minutes.
	20	minutes.
	minutes.
	2	hours.
	hours.
	hours.
	60	minutes.
	40	minutes.
	minutes.
	15	minutes.
	minutes.
	hour.
	2	hours
	30	mi-


SOUP	should	be	an	important	factor	in	the	dietary	of	every
	household,	the	clear	soups	are	used	as	stimulants	to	flagging
	appetites	and	as	food	of	easy	assimilation	for	both	old	and
	young.	The	cream	soups	and	purees	are	most	nutritious	and
	hearty.
	Soups	are	grouped	into	two	main	classes:	soups	made	with
	meat	stock	and	soups	made	without	meat	stock.
	Soups	made	with	meat	stock	are	classified	as	follows	:
	BOUILLON	:	Made	from	lean	beef,	clarified	and	seasoned.
	Exception,	Clam	Bouillon.
	CONSOMME	:	Made	from	more	than	one	kind	of	meat,
	highly	seasoned	with	herbs	and	vegetables,	usually	cleared.
	BROWN	SOUP	STOCK	:	Made	from	lean	beef	browned	and
	highly	seasoned.
	Soups	made	without	stock	are	as	follows	:
	CREAM	SOUP	:	Made	of	vegetables	or	fish,	with	milk	and
	a	small	amount	of	cream	and	seasonings.	Always	thickened.
	/
	PUREE:	Made	by	adding	the	pulp	of	cooked	vegetables	to
	milk	or	cream.	The	milk	is	thickened	with	flour	or	corn	starch
	in	order	to	bind	the	solid	and	liquid	parts	together.	Puree	is
	generally	thicker	than	cream	soup.	Stock	is	sometimes	added.
	BISQUE	:	Made	from	shell	fish,	milk	and	seasonings.
	REMARKS
	Meat	soups	can	be	made	from	left-overs,	scraps,	trimmings,
	bones,	etc.,	from	roasts	and	steaks,	or	from	cheap	cuts	of	fresh
	meats.	For	the	latter	select	fore	or	hind	shins,	cuts	from	neck	or
	shoulder,	or	lower	part	of	the	round.	Always	select	the	tougher
	parts,	as	they	are	richer	in	extractives	and	soluble	albuminoids.
	Use	all	parts	of	meat,	bone,	lean	and	fat,	and	in	the	proportion	of
	two-thirds	lean	meat	to	one-third	bone	and	fat.	The	meat	fur-
	nishes	the	soluble	albuminoids	or	muscle-making	food	and
	extractives	rich	in	mineral	salts	and	flavor.	The	bones	yield	up
	gelatine	and	mineral	matter.	Gelatine	is	also	obtained	from	the
	cartilage,	ligaments,	skin	and	tendons.
	In	soup	making	some	of	the	fat	is	absorbed,	the	remainder
	should	be	removed.	In	general,	all	albuminoids	coagulate	much
	below	the	boiling	point	and	are	soluble	in	cold	salt	water,	hence
	the	rule	:	ALWAYS	MAKE	MEAT	SOUPS	WITH	COLD	WA-
	TER	TO	WHICH	SALT	HAS	BEEN	ADDED,	AND	GRADU-
	ALLY	HEAT	TO	BOILING	POINT	BUT	NEVER	BOIL.
	There	are	many	useful	utensils	on	the	market	for	soup
	making	;	the	necessary	ones,	however,	are	a	four	quart	porcelain
	or	granite	kettle,	with	a	tight-fitting	cover,	colander,	puree
	strainer,	fine	sieve,	and	skimmer.
	The	modern	fireless	cooker	is	an	excellent	contrivance	for
	soup	making.
	SOUP	MAKING
	Wipe	the	meat	with	a	damp	cloth,	separate	meat,	bone	and
	fat.	Cut	the	meat	into	1	inch	cubes,	place	all	in	kettle,	allowing
	1	pint	of	cold	water	to	every	pound	of	meat,	bone	and	fat,	and	1
	tea	c	poon	of	salt	to	every	quart	of	water.	Heat	gradually	to
	boiling	point	and	cook	at	low	temperature	for	six	or	seven	hours.
	Seasoning,	except	salt,	is	generally	added	the	last	hour	of	cooking.
	During	cooking	a	scum	will	rise	on	top	of	soup,	which
	contains	coagulated	albuminoid	juices.	These	give	to	soups	the
	chief	nutritive	value.	Many,	however,	prefer	clear	soup	and
	have	them	removed.
	Strain	soup	and	cool	quickly	to	avoid	fermentation.	A	cake
	of	fat	forms	on	stock	when	cold	which	excludes	the	air	and	should
	not	be	removed	until	stock	is	used.	To	remove	fat,	run	a	knife
	around	edge	of	bowl	and	lift	out	the	fat.	If	any	remains,
	remove	by	passing	a	cloth	wrung	out	of	hot	water	around	the
	edge	and	over	the	surface.	Save	the	fat	for	drippings.
	TO	CLEAR	SOUP	:	Allow	the	white	and	shell	of	1	egg	for
	each	quart	of	stock.	Break	egg,	beat	slightly;	break	shell	in
	small	pieces,	and	add	to	the	cold	stock.	Set	over	the	fire,
	stirring	constantly	until	boiling	point	is	reached.	Boil	two
	minutes,	simmer	twenty	minutes,	skim,	strain	through	double
	thickness	of	white	cheesecloth	placed	over	a	fine	sieve.	This	is
	now	ready	to	serve	as	clear	soup,	simply	heating	to	the	boiling
	point.	If	you	wish	to	season	soup	more	highly	add	seasoning	to
	stock	before	clearing.
	THICKENING	SOUPS:	Soups	are	thickened	with	flour,
	cornstarch,	or	rice	flour.	Mix	the	flour	with	a	very	little	cold
	water	or	milk	until	it	is	a	smooth	paste.	Then	add	more	liquid
	until	it	can	be	poured	easily	into	the	hot	soup.	Cook	the	soup
	fifteen	or	twenty	minutes	after	thickening	is	added.
	Where	butter	and	flour	are	used	melt	the	butter	and	when
	melted	and	bubbling	stir	in	the	flour	quickly;	cook	together.
	Then	add	gradually	about	a	cup	of	the	hot	soup,	let	it	cook,
	thicken,	and	then	stir	it	into	the	soup.	Cook	for	15	minutes.
	Soup	may	be	thickened	with	bread	instead	of	flour.	The
	bread	should	be	dried	and	browned	slightly	and	added	to	a	small
	amount	of	stock,	simmered	until	soft	and	crushed	to	a	panada.
	Then	dilute	with	more	soup.	One-half	cup	of	dried	bread	for	a
	quart	of	finished	soup	will	be	quite	as	thick	as	most	people	like.
	The	German	rye	bread	is	excellent	for	this	purpose.
	GLAZE	is	simply	clear	stock	boiled	down	to	one-fourth	ot	its
	original	amount.	Put	2	quarts	of	rich,	strong	stock	into	a	saucepan
	and	boil	it	uncovered	until	reduced	to	1	pint.	It	should	have	a
	gluey	consistency	and	will	keep	a	month	if	put	in	a	closely	covered
	jar	in	a	cool	place.	It	is	useful	in	browning	meats	or	for	enriching
	a	weak	stock	or	gravy,	or	adding	flavor	and	Consistency	to	sauces.
	The	water	in	which	vegetables	have	been	cooked	is	rich	in
	mineral	salts	and	flavoring.	This	is	known	as	VEGETABLE
	STOCK	and	should	be	used	whenever	possible.	Water	in	which
	foods	as	macaroni,	rice,	barley,	etc.,	are	cooked	is	rich	in	starch
	and	sugar	products	and	should	be	retained	for	soup.
	SEASONINGS	:	With	but	a	small	outlay	one	can	keep	a	sup-
	ply	of	what	is	essential	for	the	seasoning	of	soup.	Sweet	herbs,
	such	as	thyme,	savory,	marjoram,	parsley,	etc.,	may	be	dried	in	the
	fall	and	kept	in	air-tight	cans.	Celery	roots	or	dried	celery	leaves
	are	richer	in	flavor	than	the	stalk.	Celery	seed	or	celery	salt
	may	be	substituted	for	these.	Spices,	including	cloves,	allspice,
	whole	pepper	and	stick	cinnamon,	should	always	be
	kept	on	hand.
	Flour,	corn	starch,	arrowroot,	tapioca,	sago,
	pearl	barley,	rice,	bread,	or	eggs	are	added	to	give
	consistency	and	nourishment.
	GOLD	MEDAL	FLOUR	It's	a	Bread	Flour	It's	a	Biscu>>