How	to	Cook	the	Potato.
	tender	potatoes,	peel	them	with	a	brush,
	and	cut	in	slices.	Put	two	ounces	of
	butter	in	a	frying-pan	on	a	quick	fire	;
	when	hot,	put	the	potatoes	in,	and	fry
	them	till	of	a	golden	color	;	place	them
	on	a	dish	without	any	butter,	sprinkle
	chopped	parsley	and	salt	on,	and	serve.
	They	may	also	be	served	without	pars-
	ley,	according	to	taste.
	Soufflees.	Steam	a	quart	of	potatoes,
	then	peel	and	mash	them	in	a	saucepan
	and	mix	an	ounce	of	butter	with	them	;
	set	on	the	fire,	pour	into	it,	little	by	lit-
	tle,	stirring,	the	while,	about	half	a	pint
	of	milk,	stir	a	little	longer	after	the	milk
	is	in	and	until	they	are	turning	rather
	thick	;	dish	the	potatoes,	smooth	or
	scallop	them	with	the	back	of	a	knife,
	and	put	them	in	a	quick	oven	till	of	a
	proper	color,	and	serve.
	In	Cakes.	Prepare	and	cook	by
	steam	a	quart	and	a	half	of	potatoes,
	peel	and	mash	them	;	mix	with	them
	the	yolks	of	five	eggs,	half	a	lemon-rind
	grated,	and	four	ounces	of	fine	white
	sugar.	Put	four	ounces	of	butter	in	a
	stew-pan	and	set	it	on	the	fire	;	when
	melted,	put	the	mixture	in,	stirring	it	with
	a	wooden	spoon	continually	;	as	soon	as
	it	is	in	the	stew-pan,	add	the	whites	of
	the	five	eggs,	well	beaten	;	leave	on	the
	fire	only	the	time	necessary	to	mix	the
	whole	well	together,	and	take	off;	when
	nearly	cold,	add,	if	handy,	and	while
	stirring,	a	few	drops	of	orange-flower
	water	;	it	gives	a	very	good	flavor	;	then
	put	the	whole	in	a	tin	mould	greased	a
	little	with	butter	;	place	in	a	quick	oven
	for	about	thirty-five	minutes,	and	serve.
	With	Butter,	or	English	Fashion.
	Put	water	on	the	fire	with	considera-
	ble	salt	in	it	;	at	the	first	boil,	drop	a
	quart	of	washed	potatoes	in	and	boil	till
	done,	when	take	off,	peel,	and	put	them
	whole	in	a	saucepan,	with	butter,	salt,
	pepper,	and	a	little	nutmeg	;	set	on	a
	rather	slow	fire,	stirring	gently	now	and
	then	till	they	have	absorbed	all	the	but-
	ter.	Serve	warm.	They	absorb	a	great
	deal	of	butte-r.
	With	Bacon	or	Salt	Pork	Peel	and
	quarter	about	a	quart	of	potatoes.	Set
	a	saucepan	on	the	fire	with	about	four
	ounces	of	fat	salt	pork	cut	in	dice	in	it.
	When	fried,	put	the	potatoes	in.	Sea-
	son	with	a	bunch	of	seasonings	com-
	posed	of	two	sprigs	of	parsley,	one	of
	thyme,	and	a	bay-leaf;	salt	and	pepper
	to	taste,	and	about	half	a	pint	of	broth
	or	water.	Boil	gently	till	cooked,	re-
	move	the	bunch	of	seasonings	;	skim
	off	the	fat,	if	any,	and	serve	warm.	It	is
	served	at	breakfast,	as	well	as	entremets
	for	dinner.
	With	Cream	or	Milk.	Peel	and	mash
	a	quart	of	potatoes,	when	prepared	and
	cooked.	Put	two	ounces	of	butter	in	a
	stewpanand	set	it	on	a	good	fire	;	when
	melted,	sprinkle	in	it	a	tea-spoonful	of
	flour,	same	of	chopped	parsley,	a	pinch
	of	grated	nutmeg,	and	salt	;	stir	with	a
	wooden	spoon	five	minutes	;	then	add
	the	potatoes,	and	half	a	pint	of	milk	or
	cream	;	keep	stirring	ten	minutes	long-
	er,	take	from	the	fire,	sprinkle	in	them
	half	a	table-spoonful	of	sugar,	and	serve
	as	warm	as	possible.
	With	White	Sauce.	Clean,	wash,
	and	throw	a	quart	of	potatoes	in	boiling
	water,	with	a	sprig	of	thyme,	two	onions,
	a	bay-leaf,	two	sprigs	of	sweet	basil,	two
	cloves,	salt,	and	pepper,	;	when	cooked,
	take	the	potatoes	out	carefully,	peel	and
	cut	them	in	two,	place	them	on	a	warm
	dish,	pour	on	them	a	white	sauce,	and
	serve	warm.


184	THE	THIRD	PART	OF	THE	HOLY	LITURGY.
	peace,	and	because	of	the	grace	in	which	alone	they	were
	formed,	they	have	been	in	a	moment	deemed	worthy	of	the
	divine	blessedness,	waiting	continually	and	sinlessly	(such
	is	the	common	interpretation	of	the	Schoolmen)	for	one
	endless	and	unchanging	glory.
	And	this	reminder	of	the	transgression	and	fall	of	Lucifer,
	at	the	reading	of	the	holy	Creed,	is	to	the	shame	and	con
	fusion	of	Heresiarchs,	who	having	no	love	for	the	Evangelic
	doctrines	of	the	Faith	have	fallen	away,	thrice	miserable	!
	with	all	their	followers	into	one	general	pit	of	the	outer	fire
	prepared	for	Lucifer	himself	and	his	angels.	On	the	other
	hand	the	Orthodox	and	Faithful,	bringing	their	reason	into
	captivity	to	the	obedience	of	the	saving	Articles	of	the
	Evangelic	Faith	and	saying	with	the	Archangel	Michael,
	"	Let	us	stand	in	order,	let	us	stand	in	fear,"	in	peace	far
	from	schisms,	far	from	presumptuous	opinions,	heresies	and
	apostasies,	hear	at	once	in	pledge	of	the	coming	everlasting
	happiness	the	words
	The	grace	of	our	Lord	Jesus	Christ	and	tJie	love	of	God
	even	the	Fatlicr,	and	the	Communion	of	tlic	Holy	Gliost	be
	with	us	all.
	Here	you	observe	that	grace,	love	and	communion	are
	adduced	as	personal	attributes	of	the	FATHER,	SON	and
	HOLY	SPIRIT	in	the	same	way	as	they	were	adduced	by	the
	blessed	Paul	in	2	Cor.	xiii.	14.	"The	grace,	he	says,	of	the
	LORD	JESUS	CHRIST	and	the	love	of	GOD	and	the	com
	munion	of	the	HOLY	SPIRIT	be	with	you	all.	Amen."	And
	love	is	particularly	assigned	as	the	love	of	GOD	even	the
	FATHER,	since	(i	John	iv.	9)	"Herein	was	the	love	of	GOD
	manifested,	that	GOD	hath	sent	His	only-begotten	SON
	into	the	world	that	we	might	live	through	Him	:	herein	is
	love,	not	that	we	loved	GOD,	but	that	He	loved	us	and	sent
	His	SON	as	a	propitiation	for	our	sins."	Grace	is	attributed
	to	the	SON,	since	also	"	the	gift	abounded	to	the	many	in
	grace	which	is	by	one	Man	JESUS	CHRIST/	Rom.	v.	15,	and


TRANSLATIONS	FROM	VIRGIL.
	733
	The	den	of	Cacus;	dire	his	hateful	form
	That	shunn'd	the	day	half	monster	and	half	man.
	Blood	newly	shed	strearn'd	ever	on	the	ground
	Smoking	and	many	a	visage	pale	and	wan
	Nail'd	at	his	gale,	hung	hideous	to	the	sight.
	Vulcan	hegot	the	brute	:	vast	was	his	size,
	And	from	his	throat	he	belch'd	his	father's	fires.
	But	the	day	came	that	brought	us	what	we
	wish'd,
	The	assistance	and	the	presence	of	a	God.
	Flush	d	with	his	victory,	and	the	spoils	he	won
	I	rom	triple-form'd	Geryon	lately	slain,
	The	great	avenger,	Hercules,	appear'd.
	Hither	he	drove	his	stately	bulls	and	pour'd
	His	herds	along	the	vale.	But	the	sly	thief
	Cacus.	that	nothing	might	escape	his	hand
	Of	villainy	or	fraud,	drove	from	the	stalls
	Four	of	the	lordliest	of	his	bulls	and	four
	The	fairest	of	his	heifers	:	by	the	tail
	He	dragg'd	them	to	his	den,	that,	there	conceal'd,
	No	footsteps	might	betray	the	dark	abode.
	And	now,	his	herd	with	provender	sufficed,
	Alcides	would	be	gone	:	they	as	they	went
	Still	bellowing	loud,	made	the	deep	echoing	woods
	And	distant	hills	resound	:	when,	hark	!	one	ox,
	Imprison'd	close	within	the	vast	recess,
	Lows	in	return,	and	frustrates	all	his	hope.
	Then	fury	seized	Alcides,	and	his	breast
	With	indignation	heaved	;	grasping	his	club
	Of	knotted	oak,	swift	to	the	mountain	top
	He	ran,	he	flew.	Then	first	was	Cacus	seen
	To	tremble,	and	his	eyes	bespoke	his	fears.
	Swift	as	an	eastern	blast,	he	sought	his	den,
	And	dread,	increasing,	wing	d	him	as	he	went.
	Drawn	up	in	iron	slings	above	the	gate,
	A	rock	was	hung	enormous.	Such	his	haste,
	He	burst	the	chains,	and	dropp'd	it	at	the	door,
	Then	grappled	it	with	iron	work	within
	Of	bolts	and	bars	by	Vulcan's	art	contrived.
	Scarce	was	he	fast,	when,	panting	for	revenge,
	Came	Hercules;	he	gnash'd	his	teeth	with	rage,
	And	quick	as	lightning	glanced	his	f;yes	around
	In	quest	of	entrance.	Fiery	red	and	stung
	With	indignation,	thrice	he	whecl'd	his	course
	About	the	mountain;	thrice,	but	thrice	in	vain,
	He	strove	to	force	the	quarry	at	the	gate,
	And	thrice	sal	down,	o'erwearied	in	the	vale.
	There	stood	a	pointed	rock	abrupt	and	rude,
	That	high	o'erlook'd	the	rest,	close	at	the	back
	Of	the	fell	monster's	den,	where	birds	obscene
	Of	ominous	note	resorted,	choughs	and	daws.
	This,	as	it	lean'd	obliquely	to	the	left,
	Threatening	the	stream	below,	he	from	the	right
	Push'd	with	his	utmost	strength,	and	to	and	fro
	He	shook	the	mass,	loosening	its	lowest	base	;
	Then	shoved	it	froai	its	seat;	down	fell	the	pile	;
	Sky	thunder'd	at	the	fall	;	the	banks	give	way,
	The	affrighted	stream	flows	upward	to	his	source.
	Behold	the	kennel	of	the	brute	exposed,
	The	gloomy	vault	laid	open.	So,	if	chance
	E	firth	yawning	to	the	centre	should	disclose
	The	mansions,	the	-pal?,	mansions	of	the	dead,
	Loathed	by	the	gods,	such	would	the	gulf	appear,
	And	the	ghosts	tremble	at	the	sight	of	day.
	The	monster	braying	with	unusual	din
	Within	his	hollow	lair,	and	sore	amazed
	To	see	such	sudden	inroads	of	the	li^ht,
	Alcides	press'd	him	close	with	what	at	hand
	Lay	readiest,	stumpsoftro.es,	and	fragments	huge
	Of	millstone	size.	He,	(for	escapo	was	none),
	Wondrous	to	tell	!	forth	from	his	gorge	discharged
	A	smoky	cloud	that	darken'd	all	the	den	;
	Wreath	after	wreath	he	vomited	amain,
	The	smothering	vapor	mix'd	with	fiery	sparks.
	No	sight	could	penetrate	the	veil	obscure.
	The	hero	:	more	provoked,	endured	not	this,
	But	with	a	headlong	leap	he	rush'd	to	where
	The	thickest	cloud	enveloped	his	abode.
	There	grasp'd	he	Cacus,	spite	of	all	his	fires,
	Till,	crush'd	within	his	arms,	the	monster	shows
	His	bloodless	throat	now	dry	with	panting	hard,
	And	his	press'd	eyeballs	start.	Soon	he	tears
	down
	The	barricade	of	rock,	the	dark	abyss
	Lies	open	;	and	the	imprison'd	bulls,	the	theft
	He	had	with	oaths	denied,	are	brought	to	light	;
	By	the	heels	the	miscreant	carcass	is	dragg'd	forth,
	His	face,	his	eyes,	all	terrible,	his	breasf
	Beset	with	bristles,	and	his	sooty	jaws
	Are	view'd	with	wonder	never	to	be	cloy'd.
	Hence	the	celebrity	thou	seest,	and	hence
	This	festal	day	Potitius	first	enjoin'd
	Posterity	:	these	solemn	rites	he	first,
	With	those	who	bear	the	great	Pinarian	name,
	To	Hercules	devoted	;	in	the	grove
	This	altar	built,	deem'd	sacred	in	the	highest
	By	us,	and	sacred	ever	to	be	deem'd.	[brows
	Come,	then,	my	friends,	and	bind	your	youthful
	In	praise	of	such	deliverance,	and	hold	forth
	The	brimming	cup	;	your	deities	and	ours
	Are	now	the	same,	then	drink,	and	freely	too."
	So	saying,	he	twisted	round	his	reverend	locks
	A	variegated	poplar	wreath,	and	fill'd
	His	right	hand	with	a	consecrated	bowl.
	At	once	all	pour	libations	on	the	board,
	All	offer	prayer.	And	now,	the	radiant	sphere
	Of	day	descending,	eventide	drew	near.
	When	first	Potitius	with	the	priests	advanced,
	Begirt	with	skins,	and	torches	in	their	hands.
	High	piled	with	meats	of	savory	taste,	they
	ranged
	The	chargers,	and	renew'd	the	grateful	feast.
	Then	came	the	Salii,	crown'd	with	poplar	too,
	Circling	the	blazing	altars	;	here	the	youth
	Adva,	ced.	a	choir	harmonious,	there	were	heard
	The	reverend	seers	responsive	;	praise	they	sung,
	Much	praise	in	honor	of	Alcides'	deeds	;
	How	first	with	infant	gripe	two	serpents	huge
	He	strangled	sent	from	Juno	;	next	they	sung,
	How	Troj	a	and	CEchalia	he	destrov	d,
	Fair	cities	both,	and	uiany	a	toilsoaie	task
	Beneath	Kurystheus	(so	his	stepdame	will'd)
	Achieved	victorious.	Thou,	the	cloud-born	pair,
	Hylaeus	fierce	and	Pholus	monstrous	twins,
	Thou	slew	'si	the	minotaur,	the	plague	of	Crete,
	And	the	vast	lion	of	the	Nemean	rock,
	Thee	hell	and	Cerberus,	hell's	porter,	fear'd,
	Stretch'd	in	his	den	upon	his	half-gnaw'd	bones.
	Thee	no	abhorred	form,	not	e'en	the	vast
	Typnoeus	could	appal	though	clad	in	arms.
	Haii,	true-born	son	of	Jove,	among	the	gods
	At	length	enroll	:	d.	nor	least	illustrious	thou,
	Haste	thee	propitious	and	approve	our	songs.
	Thus	hymn'd	the	chorus	;	above	all	they	sing
	The	cave	of	Cacus,	and	the	flames	he	breathed.
	The	whole	grove	echoes,	and	the	hills	rebound.
	The	rites	perform'd,	all	hasten	to	the	town.
	The	king,	bending	with	age,	held	as	he	went
	^Eneas	and	his	Pallas	by	the	hand,
	With	much	variety	of	pleasing	talk
	Shortening	the	way.	./Eneas,	with	a	smile,
	Looks	round	him,	charm'd	with	the	delightful
	scene,
	And	many	a	question	asks,	and	much	he	learns


BLANCHARD	&	LEA'S	MEDICAL
	It	will	be	observed	that	notwithstanding	the	great	increase	in	the	cost	of	production,	the	subscrip-
	tion	price	has	been	maintained	at	the	former	very	moderate	rate,	which	has	long	rendered	them
	among	the
	CHEAPEST	OF	AMERICAN	MEDICAL	PERIODICALS.
	The	publishers	trust	that	this	course	will	be	responded	to	by	the	profession	in	a	liberal	increase
	lo	the	subscription	list.
	THE	AMERICAN	JOURNAL	~OF	THE	MEDICAL	SCIENCES,
	EDITED	BY	ISAAC	HAYS,	M.	D.,
	is	published	Quarterly,	on	the	first	of	January,	April,	July,	and	October.	Each	number	contains
	about	two	hundred	and	seventy	large	octavo	pages,	handsomely	and	appropriately	illustrated,
	wherever	necessary.	It	has	now	been	issued	regularly	for	more	than	FORTY	years,	and	it	has	been
	under	the	control	of	the	present	editor	for	more	than	a	quarter	of	a	century.	Throughout	this
	long	period,	it	has	maintained	its	position	in	the	highest	rank	of	medical	periodicals	both	at	home
	and	abroad,	and	has	received	the	cordial	support	of	the	entire	profession	in	this	country.	Its	list	of
	Collaborators	will	be	found	to	contain	a	large	number	of	the	most	distinguished	names	of	the	pro-
	fession	in	every	section	of	the	United	States,	rendering	the	department	devoted	to
	ORIGINAL	COMMUNICATIONS
	full	of	varied	and	important	matter,	of	great	interest	to	all	practitioners.
	As	the	aim	of	the	Journal,	however,	is	to	combine	the	advantages	presented	by	all	the	different
	varieties	of	periodicals,	in	its
	REVIEW	DEPARTMENT
	will	be	found	extended	and	impartial	reviews	of	all	important	new	works,	presenting	subjects	of
	novelty	and	interest,	together	with	very	numerous
	BIBLIOGRAPHICAL	NOTICES,
	including	nearly	all	the	medical	publications	of	the	day,	both	in	this	country	and	Great	Britain,	witi
	a	choice	selection	of	the	more	important	continental	works.	This	is	followed	by	the
	QUARTERLY	SUMMARY,
	being	a	very	full	and	complete	abstract,	methodically	arranged,	of	the
	IMPROVEMENTS	AND	DISCOVERIES	IN	THE	MEDICAL	SCIENCES,
	This	department	of	the	Journal,	so	important	to	the	practising	physician,	is	the	object	of	especial
	care	on	the	part	of	the	editor.	It	is	classified	and	arranged	under	different	heads,	thus	facilitating:
	the	researches	of	the	reader	in	pursuit	of	particular	subjects,	and	will	be	found	to	present	a	very
	full	and	accurate	digest	of	all	observations,	discoveries,	and	inventions	recorded	in	every	branch	of
	medical	science.	The	very	extensive	arrangements	of	the	publishers	are	such	as	to	afford	to	the
	editor	complete	materials	for	this	purpose,	as	he	not	only	regularly	receives
	ALL	THE	AMERICAN	MEDICAL	AND	SCIENTIFIC	PERIODICALS,
	but	also	twenty	or	thirty	of	the	more	important	Journals	issued	in	Great	Britain	and	on	the	Conti-
	nent,	thus	enabling	him	to	present	in	a	convenient	compass	a	thorough	and	complete	abstract	of
	everything	interesting	or	important	to	the	physician	occurring	in	any	part	of	the	civilized	world.
	To	their	old	subscribers,	many	of	whom	have	been	on	their	list	for	twenty	or	thirty	years,	the
	publishers	feel	that	no	promises	for	uie	future	are	necessary;	but	those	who	may	desire	for	the
	first	time	to	subscribe,	can	rest	assured	that	no	exertion	will	be	spared	to	maintain	the	Journal	in
	the	high	position	which	it	has	occupied	for	so	long	a	period.
	By	reference	to	the	terms	it	will	be	seen	that,	in	addition	to	this	large	amount	of	valuable	and
	practical	information	on	every	branch	of	medical	science,	the	subscriber,	by	paying	in	advance,
	becomes	entitled,	without	further	charge,	to
	THE	MEDICAL	NEWS	AND	LIBRARY,
	a	monthly	periodical	of	thirty-two	large	octavo	pages.	Its	"NEWS	DEPARTMENT"	presents	the
	current	information	of	the	day,	while	the	LIBRARY	DEPARTMENT"	is	devoted	to	presenting	stand-
	ard	works	on	various	branches	of	rneaic.ne.	Within	a	few	years,	subscribers	have	thus	received,
	The	work	selected	for	the	year	1864,	commencing	in	the	number	for	January,	is
	CONSUMPTION;	ITS	EARLY	AND	REMEDIABLE	STAGES,
	BY	EDWARD	SMITH,	M.	D.,
	Assistant	Physician	to	the	Brompton	Consumption	Hospital,	Sic.
	The	special	experience	of	the	author	in	the	treatment	of	this	disease	invests	his	work	with	a
	practical	authority	which	cannot	but	render	it	sati^fuctory	to	subscribers.
	It	will	thus	be	seen	that	for	the	small	sum	of	FIVE	DOLLARS,	paid	in	advance,	the	subscriber
	will	obtain	a	Quarterly	and	a	Monthly	periodical,
	EMBRACING	ABOUT	FIFTEEN	HUNDRED	LARGE	OCTAVO	PAGES,
	Those	subscribers	who	do	not	pay	in	advance	will	bear	in	mind	that	tneir	subscription	of	Five
	Dollars	will	entitle	them	to	the	.Journal	only,	without	the	News,	and	that	they	will	be	at	the	expense
	of	their	own	postage	on	the	receipt	of	each	number.	The	advantage	of	a	remittance	when	order-
	ing	the	Journal	will	thus	be	apparent.
	/Remittances	of	subscriptions	can	be	mailed	at	our	risk,	when	a	certificate	is	takenfrom	the	Post-
	HW4r	that'the	money	is	duly	inclosed	and	forwarded.
	Address	BLANCHARD	&	LEA,	PKII,AL?JIIA.


FART	II.]	Of	Tragedy.	153
	"	A	-virgin,	on	the	point	of	being	sacrificed,	is	im-
	"	perceptibly	conveyed	away	from	the	altar,	and
	"	transported	to	another	country,	where	it	was
	"	the	custom	to	sacrifice	all	strangers	to	Diana.
	"	Of	these	rites	she	is	appointed	priestess.	It
	"	happens,	some	time	aft	r,	that	her	brother
	"	arrives	there."	But	why?	because	an	oracle
	had	commanded	him,	for	some	reason	ex-erior
	to	the	general	plan.	For	what	purpose?	This,
	also,	is	exterior	to	the	plan.	"	He	arrives,	is
	"	seized,	and,	at	the	instant	that	he	is	going	to
	"	be	sacrificed,	the	discovery	is	made."	And
	this	may	be,	either	in	the	way	of	Euripides,	or
	like	that	of	Poly	ides*,	by	the	natural	reflection	of
	Orestes,	that	"	it	was	his	fate	also,	as	it	had
	"	been	his	sister	s,	to	be	sacrificed	;	"	by	which
	exclamation	he	is	saved.
	After	this,	the	Poet,	when	he	has	given	names
	to	his	characters,	should	proceed	to	the	Episodes
	of	his	action	;	and	he	must	take	care,	that	these
	belong	properly	to	the	subject	;	like	that	of	the
	madness	of	Orestes,	which	occasions	his	being
	taken,	and	his	escape	by	means	of	the	ablution	9	.
	In	dramatic	Poetry	the	Episodes	are	short;	but,
	in	the	Epic,	they	are	the	means	of	drawing	out
	the	poem	to	its	proper	length.	The	general	story
	of	the	ODYSSEY,	for	example,	lies	in	a	small
	compass	:
	8	See	the	preceding	section.
	See	v-30i,	&c.	and	v.	1248,	&c,	of	Mr.	Potter	s
	translation.


242	NOTES.
	cxxvin.	p.	122.	MS.	Reg.	7	E.	iv,	fol.	252,	ro.	(Jo.	Brom-
	yard,	tit.	Ipocrisis).	This	also	was	a	common	joke	at	a	later
	period.	It	is	taken	from	Macrobius,	Satumal.	lib.	ii,	cap.	2,
	"	Apud	L.	Mallium,	qui	optimus	pictor	Romse	habebatur,	Servilius
	Geminus	forte	coenabat:	cumque	filios	ejus	deformes	vidisset,	'Non
	similiter,'	inquit,	'	Malli,	fingis	et	pingis.'	Et	Mallius,	'	In	tenebris	eniin
	fingo,'	inquit,	'	luce	pingo.'	"
	cxxix.	p.	122.	MS.	Reg.	7	E.	iv,	fol.	252,	v<>.	(tit.	Ipo
	crisis).	A	story,	somewhat	resembling	this,	occurs	in	Jack	of
	Dover,	p.	30.
	cxxx.	p.	123.	MS.	Reg.	7	E.	iv,	fol.	279,	vo.	(Jo.	Brom-
	yard,	tit.	Justitia).	This	also	is	one	of	the	old	Gothamite
	stories.
	cxxxi.	p.	123.	MS.	Reg.	7	E.	iv,	fol.	284,	v<>.	(Jo.	Brom-
	yard,	tit.	Lex).	In	the	middle	ages,	no	class	of	persons	was
	so	generally	injurious	to	society,	and	so	universally	hated,	as
	the	usurers.
	cxxxn.	p.	123.	MS.	Reg.	7	E.	iv,	fol.	292,	v-	(Jo.	Brom-
	yard,	tit.	Locutio).
	cxxxin.	p.	124.	MS.	Reg.	7	E.	iv,	fol.	297,	v<>.	(Jo.	Brom-
	yard,	tit.	Luxuria).
	cxxxiv.	p.	124.	MS.	Reg.	7	E.	iv,	fol.	320,	r-	(Jo.	Brom-
	yard,	tit.	Ministratio).
	cxxxv.	p.	125.	MS.	Reg.	7	E.	iv,	fol.	361,	r-	(Jo.	Brom-
	yard,	tit.	Mundus).
	cxxxvi.	p.	125.	MS.	Reg.	7	E.	iv,	fol.	362,	v-	(Jo.
	Bromyard,	tit.	Munerd).	This	story	is	remarkable,	not	only
	as	an	illustration	of	old	superstitions,	but	as	bearing	some
	resemblance	to	an	incident	in	the	romance	of	Eustache	le
	Moine,	11.	41-88.


Table	of	Contents
	IV	MARRIAGE	AND	NEW	DIRECTIONS	46
	A	Married	Woman	in	Benicia	46
	Sara	Bard	Field	and	Charles	Erskine	Scott	Wood	49
	Ansley	Salz's	Report	on	Health	Insurance	50
	Presidio	Open	Air	School	52
	A	Hide-Buying	Trip	to	Argentina	55
	THE	PLEASURES	OF	A	PORTRAITIST	57
	Some	Portrait	Subjects	57
	Ted	Polos	59
	New	Year's	Parties	and	Dong	Kingman	60
	A	Show	in	New	York,	1935	61
	Models	63
	Lawrence	Welk	63
	One	More	Portrait	64
	VI	A	NEW	GENERATION	66
	Elizabeth's	Marriage	66
	Andrew	Salz	69
	The	Grandchildren	70
	VII	MORE	PORTRAITS,	AND	A	FEW	POEMS,	FROM	THE	THIRTIES	AND	FORTIES	72
	Teaching	English	to	Refugees	72
	Carmel,	Portraits	and	Friends	73
	Noel	Sullivan	74
	Poetry	Themes	75
	Sonya	Noskowiak	77
	Some	Other	Women	Artists	79
	VIII	ALWAYS	CHOICES	TO	BE	MADE	82
	Women's	Opportunities,	Enola	Maxwell	82
	Studying	Poetry	and	Short	Story	Writing	84
	Musician	Friends	86
	Harriet	Levy	90
	IX	A	COOKBOOK	IN	THE	WRITING	91
	An	Invasion	of	Personalities	91
	Mrs.	Mohr	91
	The	Guatemalan	91
	"The	Perfect	Housekeeper"	92
	The	Czechoslovak	92
	Hindsight	92


91
	IX	A	COOKBOOK	IN	THE	WRITING
	An	Invasion	of	Personalities
	Salz:	[reading]	We	had	a	large	household	and	a	variety	of	cooks
	over	the	years	.
	Mrs	.	Mohr
	Salz:	There	was	Mrs.	Hannah	Mohr,	not	a	sensational	nor	a	dramatic
	person,	German,	faithful,	hardworking	and	sincerely	devoted
	to	whatever	she	did.	She	was	an	excellent	cook	and	Mohr
	cookies	became	famous	and	were	known	amongst	dozens	of	children
	as	the	"Mrs.	Mohr	cookies."
	She	always	did	way	way	beyond	what	was	asked	of	her,
	silently	and	lovingly.	I	did	a	portrait	of	her	sewing	in	the
	attic,	Margaret	at	three	years	old,	in	her	crib,	watching	her.
	The	Guatemalan
	Salz:	Then	there	was	Carmen,	from	Guatemala,	who	was	divorced.	She
	had	evidently	hated	her	husband	at	the	time	and	when	she	left
	the	house	in	a	hurry,	she	told	me	proudly	she	had	"left	all
	windows	open	in	the	summer	so	that	house	be	FULL	of	flies	when
	he	come	home."	When	her	husband	returned	from	a	short	trip	he
	found	out	where	she	was	and	telephoned	to	her,	"Carmen,	why	you
	do	THIS	to	me?	House	full	of	flies."
	A	few	years	later	her	husband	died	and	she	went	into	heavy
	black	mourning.	She	told	me	triumphantly	she	had	met	her
	former	employer	from	Palo	Alto	downtown	and	the	woman	said	to


94
	The	Scotswoman
	Salz:	Really,	I	have	such	a	catalogue	of	cooks	—	I	have	thought	of
	sometime	writing	"Helen	Salz's	Cookbook."
	We	had	a	Scotswoman	who	had	worked	in	England,	obviously
	with	the	aristocracy.	There	evidently	was	a	confidential
	relationship	between	herself	and	Lady	Elsemere	because	Lady
	Elsemere	gave	her	a	slip	of	paper	on	which	the	chief	item	was
	that	there	was	to	be	a	leg	of	lamb	for	dinner.	This,	with
	other	confidential	items,	was	handed	in	a	sealed	envelope	to
	be	given	to	the	cook	because,	said	Mackie,	she	didn't	"want
	anybody	but	meself	and	the	cook	to	know	what	was	in	it."
	She	came	over	to	this	country	partially	trained	as	a	cook,
	as	a	nurse,	and	a	few	other	skills.	We	all	had	to	measure	up
	to	milady	in	London.	Intermittently,	she	cooked	for	us,	or
	took	care	of	the	grandchildren.
	When	we	went	to	Carmel	she	decided	to	make	good	use	of
	the	beach.	She	donned	her	Victorian	bathing	outfit	of	alpaca
	bloomers,	a	skirt,	a	little	round	collar	to	her	blouse,	and
	puffed	sleeves.	She	took	numerous	towels	with	her	(from	our
	rented	house)	and	when	she	returned	later,	with	a	few	less
	towels,	I	would	say,	"What	did	you	do	with	all	the	towels,
	Mackie?"
	She	would	say,	rather	indignantly,	"Therre	was	a	fine
	young	man	on	the	beach	and	we	were	having	a	good	talk	and	he
	was	still	kind	of	wet	and	shiverin	with	the	cauld.	I	said,
	"Wherre	are	your	towels,	young	man?'	and	he	said,	'I	hae	none,'
	and	so	I	gave	him	a	few	of	mine."
	I	said,	"But	those	are	Mrs.	Bardley's	towels."	And	Mackie
	replied,	"She	hae	plenty	and	he	needed	them."
	I	remember	a	Christmas	when	I	said,	"Of	course	I'll	give
	you	a	check,	Mackie,	but	I	want	to	give	you	a	little	present,"
	and	I	said,	"How	about	a	little	handbag?"
	"No,"	she	said,	"I	hae	five	in	me	trunk."
	"How	about	a	nice	warm	sweater?"
	"I	hae	six,"	she	said,	"that	I	never	use."
	"Well,"	I	said,	"what	could	you	think	of?"


4	SOME	PRINCIPLES	OF
	c	Then	awhile,	from	too	immoderate	caution	against
	this	deception,	I	err	on	the	side	of	too	great	severity	;
	and	sometimes	go	so	far	as	to	wish	that	all	the
	melody	of	the	sweet	chants	which	are	used	in	the
	Davidian	psalter	were	utterly	banished	from	my	ears,
	and	from	the	ears	of	the	Church	;	and	that	way
	seems	to	me	safer	which	I	remember	often	to	have
	heard	told	of	Athanasius,	archbishop	of	Alexandria,
	that	he	would	have	the	lector	of	the	psalm	intone
	it	with	but	a	slight	modulation	of	voice,	so	as	to
	be	more	like	one	reading	than	one	singing.	And
	yet,	when	I	remember	my	tears,	which	I	shed	at	the
	hearing	of	the	song	of	Thy	Church	in	the	first	days
	of	my	recovered	faith,	and	that	now	I	still	feel	the
	same	emotion,	and	am	moved	not	by	the	singing
	but	by	what	is	sung,	when	it	is	sung	with	a	liquid
	voice	and	in	the	most	fitting	"	modulation,"	then
	(1	say)	I	acknowledge	again	the	great	utility	of	the
	institution.
	6	Thus	I	fluctuate	between	the	peril	of	sensuous
	pleasure	and	the	proof	of	wholesomeness,	and	am
	more	inclined	(though	I	would	not	offer	an	irre-
	vocable	judgement)	to	approve	of	the	use	of	singing
	in	the	Church,	that,	by	the	pleasure	of	the	ear,
	weaker	minds	may	rise	to	the	emotion	of	piety.
	Yet	when	it	happens	to	me	to	be	more	moved	by
	the	music	than	by	the	words	that	are	sung	I	con-
	fess	that	I	have	sinned	(poenaliter	peccare),	and
	it	is	then	that	I	would	rather	not	hear	the	singer	V
	1	Confess,	x.	13.


Wright:	Oh,	yes,	that's	true.	My	gosh,	I	can't	overlook	that.	My
	actual	winemaking	follies	[laughs]	or	whatever,	really	kind	of
	got	started	when	I	lived	in	Philadelphia	and	was	working	for
	Avisco.	I	was	browsing	through	the	public	library,	called	the
	Free	Library	in	Philadelphia,	which	is	a	lovely	library.	I
	was	really	in	the	cookbook	section;	I	was	sort	of	interested
	in	looking	at	things,	because	1	like	to	cook.	Lo	and	behold,
	1	came	across,	in	that	same	area-	-in	fact,	1	almost	remember
	the	Dewey	decimal	number	a	book	on	home	winemaking	by	a
	fellow	named	Hedrick	[professor	at	Cornell]	or	something	like
	that.	I	devoured	that,	took	it	home,	and	started	saying,
	"Well,	this	is	great	stuff,"	and	I	decided	I	would	make	some
	wine.
	That	fall	I	managed	to	convince	two	of	my	colleagues	at
	Avisco	to	join	me	in	this	adventure.	I	located	some	grapes
	out	near	Atlantic	City,	New	Jersey,	and	with,	I	must	confess,
	virtually	no	prior	planning	in	terms	of	equipment	or	how	we
	were	going	to	do	all	this,	we	charged	off	in	Jim's	station
	wagon	to	this	vineyard.	They	were	picked	grapes;	we	had
	ordered	them	ahead.	They	were	called	supposedly	champagne
	grapes.	I	think	they	were	the	Adams	grape,	fairly	foxy,	but
	not	as	foxy	as	a	Concord	or	a	Niagara.	It	was	a	pink	grape.
	We	loaded	them	onto	the	station	wagon-	-with	fruit	flies
	all	around-	-and	we	got	to	Jim's	house.	He	was	the	only	one
	with	a	house;	I	lived	in	an	apartment,	and	Bob	lived	in	an
	apartment,	so	Jim	was	the	victim.	He	had	a	house	with	a
	cellar,	and	we	got	the	stuff	down	there.	Literally,	we	didn't
	even	have	a	crusher,	but	we	found	a	neighbor	who,	lo	and
	behold,	had	a	crusher.	So	we	crushed	the	stuff	into	a	barrel.
	We	didn't	have	a	press.	I	mean,	we	were	trying	to	make	white
	wine	with	no	press.	I	said,	"What	we'll	do	it's	not	the
	ideal,	but	I	think	I	can	design	a	press	and	get	the	stuff
	done,	but	let's	ferment	it	on	the	skins,	and	then	we'll	press;
	it'll	have	less	pectin."
	We	got	it	started,	and	Jim	went	off	on	a	business	trip.
	I	told	his	wife,	Nancy,	"Look,	what	you've	got	to	do	is	knock
	the	cap	down	at	least	twice	and	maybe	three	or	four	times	a
	day."	She	said,	"Oh,	yeah,	yeah."	Well,	about	three	days
	later	she	called	me	in	the	office	and	said,	"John	Wright?"
	[bright	and	bubbly]	"Hi,	Nancy,	how's	it	going?"	"You	get
	over	here	right	away.	My	whole	house	smells	of	vinegar."	So
	I	went	out,	and,	oh,	the	house	reeked	of	vinegar.	I	said,
	"Gee,	this	is	great.	Let's	decant	it	and	bottle	it	up."	She
	said,	"I	want	it	out	of	here!"	So	I	took	it	out	in	the	yard
	and	dumped	it.	That	was	my	first	experience,	which	wasn't	too
	good.


20
	Sherry:	event	reading	a	penal	code	—	that's	quite	a	Job.	Not
	the	most	exciting	thing	in	the	world.
	MF:	fLaughter]	I	can	imagine.
	Sherry:	So	I	manfully	went	all	the	way	through	that,	and	then
	there	were	other	things	to	read.	Wellman's	Art	of
	Cross-Examination	,	and	you	know	some	of	these	more	or
	less	standard	"how	to	do	it"	books	and	that	kind	of
	thing.
	MF:	Did	you	have	to	read	any	books	on	evidence?
	Sherry:	No.	Presumably	I	was	acquainted	in	the	law	of	evidence.
	You	never	learn	anything	by	reading	about	it.	You
	have	to	—	evidence	is	something	you	can	learn	the
	theory	of	in	law	school,	but	its	utility,	its	use,	you
	learn	by	doing.	It	f	s	like	studying	to	be	a	cook	by
	reading	a	cookbook.	You	can	read	it	and	get	all	the
	theory	in	your	head,	but	you've	got	to	light	the	fire
	sometime.	You're	not	going	to	learn	until	you	do.
	I	think	that	reading	assignment	took	about	a	month.
	It	seemed	to	me	interminable.	I	think	I	kind	of	rebelled
	and	finally	went	in	and	saw	him	and	said,	"I've	gone
	as	far	as	I	can	go	on	that	reading;	I've	been	through
	the	code	and	I've	read	all	of	the	other	things,	and
	re-read	them.	I	read	most	of	them	already	before	I
	came	here."	He	thought	I	was	a	little	bit	rash,	and
	said,	"Oh,	you're	ready	for	your	problem	then	I	guess."
	I	said,	"I	guess."
	So	he	handed	me	a	legal	problem	having	to	do	with
	a	very	obscure	thing	involving	a	tax	and	bond	issue
	problem	in	relation	to	a	school	district	and	the
	legality	of	the	situation	and	everything.	A	very,	very
	obscure	narrow	kind	of	a	question.	Well,	I	didn't	know
	anything	about	school	dtetrlcts	or	bond	issues	or
	anything	else.	None	of	that	was	taught	in	law	school.
	We	didn't	have	any	state	and	local	government	law
	courses	as	we	do	now.
	I	just	went	to	work	on	the	darn	thing	and	within
	a	fairly	short	time	I	had	found	the	case	on	which	the
	problem	was	based,	and	discovered	by	reading	the	case
	that	there	wasn't	any	real	solution	to	this.	There
	waan	't	any	precedent	there,	you	know,	all	that	kind	of
	thing.	So	I	wrote	a	memorandum	on	the	thing:	"It's
	absolutely	unique.	None	of	the	authorities	indicate


148	LOWELUS	POEMS.
	THE	UNLOVELY.
	THE	pretty	things	that	others	wear
	Look	strange	and	out	of	place	on	me,
	I	never	seem	dressed	tastefully,
	Because	I	am	not	fair	;
	And,	when	1	would	most	pleasing	seem,
	And	deck	myself	with	joyful	care,
	I	find	it	is	an	idle	dream,
	Because	I	am	not	fair.
	If	I	put	roses	in	my	hair,
	They	bloom	as	if	in	mockery;
	Nature	denies	her	sympathy,
	Because	I	am	not	fair	;
	Alas	!	I	have	a	warm,	true	heart,
	But	when	I	show	it	people	stare	;
	1	must	forever	dwell	apart,
	Because	I	am	not	fair.
	I	am	least	happy	being	where
	The	hearts	of	others	are	most	light,
	And	strive	to	keep	me	out	of	sight,
	Because	I	am	not	fair	;
	The	glad	ones	often	give	a	gbnce,
	As	I	am	sitting	lonely	there,
	That	asks	me	why	I	do	not	dance
	Because	I	am	not	fair.
	And	if	to	smile	on	them	I	dare,
	For	that	my	heart	with	love	runs	o	er,
	They	say	:	"	What	ia	she	laughing	for	I"-
	Because	I	am	not	fair	;
	Love	scorned	or	misinterpreted
	It	is	the	hardest	thing	to	bear	;
	I	often	wish	that	I	were	dead,
	Because	I	am	not	fair.
	In	joy	or	grief	I	must	not	share,
	For	neither	smiles	nor	tears	on	me
	Will	ever	look	becomingly,
	Because	I	am	not	fair	;
	Whole	days	I	sit	alone	and	cry,


MT.	REV.	JOHN	J.	KEANE.	D.	D.,	ARCHBISHOP	OF	DUBUQUE.


THE	BURDEN	OF	THE	TIME
	tempt	to	describe	it	in	outer	action	we	shall	find	our-
	selves	employing	terms	that	belong	to	a	score	of	diverse
	moral	excellences.	One	of	the	greatest	of	the	Greek
	philosophers	looked	upon	it	as	the	culmination	of	every
	noble	gift	of	mind	and	heart.
	It	purges	the	soul	from	error;	it	effects	her	conversion
	from	darkness	to	light;	it	enables	her	to	behold	pure	being;
	it	is	not	a	matter	of	habit,	but	the	gift	of	God	of	Whom
	it	is	the	peculiar	attribute	and	prerogative.
	And	as	Plato	attempted	to	define	it,	so	has	the	better
	intellect	of	the	western	world	understood	it	since	his	day.
	It	is	recognized	as	the	most	priceless	prerogative	in	a
	ruler,	the	true	majesty	of	kings	and	governors,	and	the
	root	of	all	steadfastness	and	progress	in	their	people	;	it
	is	the	flower	of	the	youthful	heart,	the	well-head	of	rev-
	erence	that	keeps	the	growing	life	fresh	and	pure	and
	strong;	it	is	the	glory	of	woman	and	the	safe-guard	of
	her	chastity	;	the	secret	of	the	good	man's	pre-eminence
	above	his	fellows	;	the	staff	of	middle	years	and	the	crown
	of	old	age	in	whatever	sex	it	makes	its	life-long	habita-
	tion.	It	is	a	thing	to	labor	for	early	and	late	;	and,	so
	highly	do	we	prize	it,	that	the	affectation	of	its	posses-
	sion	is	in	reality	responsible	for	half	the	conceit	to	which
	mankind	is	prone	from	its	cradle	up.	With	the	early
	Mediterranean	folk	it	was	a	kind	of	subtle	power	of	dis-
	crimination,	a	sort	of	sixth	sense	which	enabled	them	to
	appraise,	as	by	a	spiritual	palate,	the	true	savor	of
	things	;	with	the	northern	Teutonic	races	it	was	accounted
	[292]


JT.	43.]	CORRESPONDENCE.	438
	support	of	the	government.	To	repair	his	losses	and	reward	his
	zeal,	is	therefore	a	duty	imposed	on	the	government	by	the	prin
	ciples	both	of	justice	and	policy.	It	is	imposed	by	justice	for
	the	injuries	were	committed	by	persons	in	disguise,	or	under	cir
	cumstances	which	render	it	impossible	to	discover	the	offenders.
	It	is	vain,	therefore,	to	refer	Mr.	Wells	to	the	individuals	by	whose
	acts	he	suffered.	This	is	to	tell	him	that	his	losses	will	never	be
	repaired.
	Policy	speaks	in	this	case	the	same	language	with	justice.
	Mr.	Wells	suffered	in	consequence	of	his	efforts	to	support	the
	government,	and	of	his	attention	to	duty.	Will	the	government
	then	refuse	to	make	him	compensation	?	To	do	so,	will	be	to
	violate	the	plainest	maxims	of	policy,	as	it	will	effectually	damp
	the	zeal	of	public	officers	in	every	future	case	of	difficulty.	It
	is	not	to	be	expected	that	individuals	will	expose	their	persons
	to	violence,	and	their	property	to	destruction,	in	support	of	a
	government	that	has	not	generosity	sufficient	to	reward	those	who
	suffer	in	its	cause.
	There	appears	to	me	to	be	no	doubt	of	the	meritorious	exer
	tions	of	Mr.	Wells,	even	if	there	were	some	doubt,	yet	the	excel
	lent	effect	which	the	measure	is	calculated	to	produce	on	public
	officers,	will	prove	a	full	compensation	for	the	money	that	may
	be	advanced.	I	recollect	to	have	mentioned	to	Mr.	Wells,	and
	other	persons	in	the	same	capacity,	that	I	considered	the	govern
	ment	as	bound	to	indemnify	them.	So	far,	therefore,	as	my	opin
	ion	could	pledge	the	government,	it	was	pledged.	In	giving
	this	opinion	I	thought	I	was	promoting	the	best	interests	of	the
	nation,	and	it	appears	to	me	that	the	government	will	very	wide
	ly	mrstake	its	policy	in	refusing	to	allow	these	men	all	reason
	able	claims.
	28


THE	WORKSHOP	COMPANION.
	A	Collection	of*	Useful	and	Reliable	Recipes,
	Rules,	Processes,	HolSiod*.	Wrinkles,
	and	Practical	Hints,
	FOR	THE	HOUSEHOLD	MJTD	THE	SHOP.
	CONTENTS.
	Abyssinian	Gold:	Accidents,	General	Rules;	-Alabaster,	how	to	work,	polish	and
	clean;	Alcohol;	Alloys,	rules	fqt	making,	and	r6	recipes;	Amber,	how	to	work,
	polish	and	mend;	Annealing	arm	Hardening	ghss,	copper,	steel,	etc.;	Arsenical
	Soap;	Arsenical	Powder;	Beeswax,	how	to	bleach;	Blackboards,	how	to	make;
	Brass,	how	to	work,	polish,	color,	varnish,	whiten,	deposit	by	electricity,	clean,	etc.,
	etc.	;	Brazing	and	Soldering;	Bronzing	brass,	wood,	leather,	etc.;	Burns,	how	to
	cure;	Case-hardening;	Catgut,	how	prepared	;	Cements,	general	rules	for	using,	and
	56	recipes	for	preparing;	Copper,	working,	welding,	depositing;	Coral,	artificial;
	Cork,	working;	Crayons	for	Blackboards;	Curling	brass,	iron,	etc.;	Liquid	Cu-
	ticle;	Etching	copper,	steel,	glass:	Eye,	accidents	to;--Fires,	to	prevent;	Clothes	on
	Fire;	Fireproof	Dresses;	Fly	Papers;	Freezing	Mixtures,	6	recipes;	Fumigating
	Pastils;	Gilding	metal,	leather,	wood,	etc.;	Glass,	cutting,	drilling,	turning	in	the
	lathe,	fitting	stoppers,	removing	tight	stoppers,	powdering,	packing,	imitating	ground
	glass,	washing	glass	vessels,	etc.	;	Grass,	Dry,	to	stain	;	Guns,	to	make	shoot	close,
	to	keep	from	rusting,	to	brown	the	barrels	of,	etc.,	etc.;	Handles,	to	fasten	;	Inks,
	rules	for	selecting	and	preserving,	and	54	recipes	for;	Ink	Eraser;	Inlaying;	Iron,
	forging,	welding,	case-hardening,	zincing,	tinning,	do.	in	the	cold,	brightening,	etc.,
	etc.	;	Ivory,	to	work,	polish,	bleach,	etc.	;	Javelle	Water	;	-Jewelry	and	Gilded	Ware,
	care	of,	cleaning,	coloring,	etc.	;	Lacquer,	how	to	make	and	apply	;	Laundry	Gloss	;
	Skeleton	Leaves;	Lights,	signal	and	colored,	also	for	tableaux,	photography,	etc.,	25
	recipes	;	Lubricators,	selection	of,	4	recipes	for	;	Marble,	working,	polishing,	clean-
	ing;	Metals,	polishing;	Mirrors,	care	of,	to	make,	pure	silver,	etc.,	etc.;	Nickel,
	to	plate	with	without	a	battery;	Noise,	prevention	of;	Pairting	Bright	Mefals;
	Paper,	adhesive,	barometer,	glass,	tracing,	transfer,	waxed,	etc.	;-^Paper,	to	clean,	take
	creases	out	of,	remove	water	stains,	mount	drawing	paper,	to	prepare	for	varnishing,
	etc.,	etc.	;	Patina;	Patterns,	to	trace;	Pencils,	indelible;	Percil	Marks,	to	fix;
	Pewter;	Pillows	for	Sick	Room,	cheap	and	good	;	Plaster-of-	Paris,	how	to	work;
	Poisons,	antidotes	for,	12	recipes;	Polishing	Powders,	preparation	and	use	of	(six
	pages);	Resins,	their	properties,	etc.;	Saws,	how	to	sharpen;-	-Sieves;	Shellac,
	properties	and	uses	of;	Silver,	properties	of,	oxidized,	old,	cleaning,	to	remove	ink
	stains	from,	to	dissolve	from	plated	goods,	etc.,	etc.	;	Silvering	metals,	leather,	iron,
	etc.	;	Size,	preparation	of	various	kinds	of;	Skins,	tanning	and	curing,	do	with	hail
	on;	Stains,	to	remove	from	all	kinds	of	goods;	Steel,	tempering	ani,V	working	(six
	pages);	Tin,	properties,	method's	of	working;	Varnish,	21	recipes	for;	^Varnishipg,
	directions	for;	Voltaic	Batteries;	Watch,	care	of;	Waterproofing,	7	recipes	for;
	Whitewash;	Wood	Floors,	waxing,	staining,	and	polishing;	Wood,	polisHtg.	~>
	Wood,	staining,	17	recipes;	Zinc,	to	pulverize,	black	varnish	for.
	164	closely-printed	pages,	neatly	bound.	Sent	bv	mail	for	36	oenvfl
	(postage	stamps	received).	Specimen	pages	free.
	INDUSTRIAL	PUBLICATION	COMPANY,
	14	Dey	Street,	New	York.


THE	FAMILY	MEDICAL	GUIDE.	37
	have	proceeded	to	ulceration,	the	mouth	of	the	infant	or	child	should
	be	washed	out	by	a	lotion,	made	by	dissolving	a	small	quantity	of	alum
	or	borax	in	water	well	sweetened	with	honey	;	and	then,	by	tying	a
	fold	of	lint	to	a	piece	of	stick,	and	using	it	as	a	mop,	to	cleanse	the
	mouth,	having	first	well	wetted	it	in	the	lotion.
	ITCH.
	THIS	cutaneous	disease,	the	result	of	dirt	and	insufficient	food,
	is	communicated	by	the	merest	contact	;	and	as	this	is	a	misfortune
	that	any	person	may	be	exposed	to,	by	touching	in	a	cursory	manner
	the	person	of	an	affected	individual,	it	is	necessary	to	show	the	means
	by	which,	with	a	day	or	two's	seclusion,	it	may	be	effectually	eradi
	cated.	The	intolerable	itching	that	so	remarkably	distinguishes	this
	disease,	is	the	consequence	of	a	very	minute	microscopic	insect	which
	burrows	under	the	scarf	skin	of	the	hands	and	body	;	and	all	that	is
	necessary	to	destroy	the	life	of	this	insect,	and	of	course	cure	the
	disease,	is	to	block	up	the	pores	of	the	skin,	by	rubbing	in	some	stiff
	simple	ointment	upon	going	to	bed	;	use	a	hot	bath	in	the	morning	to
	cleanse	the	body	of	the	grease,	and	repeat	the	ointment	again	;	and
	so	continue	the	one	at	night,	and	the	other	in	the	morning	till	the
	cure	is	effected.	For	long	standing	cases	sulphur	or	creosote	is	neces
	sary,	but	for	trifling	cases,	spermaceti	ointment	is	quite	sufficient,	the
	hands	being	kept	greased	and	gloved	both	day	and	night.
	ERYSIPELAS.
	THIS	disease	is	an	inflammatory	affection	principally	of	the	skin,
	when	it	makes	its	appearance	externally;	it	is	most	frequent	in	its
	attacks	on	women	and	children,	and	on	those	of	an	irritable	habit,
	rather	than	of	a	full	robust	constitution.	Erysipelas	will	some
	times	return	periodically,	attacking	the	patient	once	or	twice	in	the
	year,	or	even	once	in	the	month	;	and	then,	by	its	repeated	attacks,	it
	often	gradually	exhausts	the	strength,	especially	if	the	sufferer	be	aged,
	or	of	a	bad	habit	of	body.
	This	disease	is	brought	on	by	all	the	causes	that	are	apt	to	excite
	inflammation,	such	as	injuries	of	all	kinds,	the	external	application	of
	stimulants,	exposure	to	cold,	and	obstructed	perspiration	;	and	it	may
	likewise	be	occasioned	by	humours	generated	within	the	body,	and
	thrown	out	on	its	surface.	In	slight	cases	where	it	attacks	the
	extremities,	it	makes	its	appearance	with	a	sensation	of	heat,	accom
	panied	by	roughness,	pain,	and	redness	of	the	skin,	which	becomes
	pale	when	the	finger	is	pressed	upon	it,	and	again	returns	to	its	fiery


THE	FAMILY	MEDICAL	GUIDE.	65
	as	not	to	be	appreciable,	till	the	graver	consequences	of	the	second
	period	evince	themselves.	The	symptoms	of	the	first	stage	are	deep
	and	intense	pain	in	the	head,	tightness	across	the	forehead,	throbbing
	of	the	temporal	arteries,	ringing	in	the	ears,	flushed	face,	bloodshot
	eyes,	and	a	wild	and	glistening	stare	;	the	pupils	are	contracted,	and
	particularly	sensitive	to	light,	while	the	ears	are	impatient	and	irritable
	to	the	sense	of	noise	:	violent	delirium,	want	of	sleep,	convulsive	par
	oxysms,	attended	with	a	hot	dry	skin,	hard	quick	pulse,	a	white	coated
	tongue,	great	thirst,	nausea	and	vomiting,	and	a	confined	state	of	the
	bowels.	Sometimes	delirium	is	the	first	symptom,	or	the	disease	may
	progress	to	a	culminating	point	in	a	more	insidious	manner,	often	com
	mencing	with	an	apparent	attack	of	biliary	vomiting.	This	formidable
	disease	usually	proves	fatal	in	a	few	days,	sometimes	in	twelve	hours.
	The	mode	of	treatment	resolves	itself	into	blood-letting,	purgatives,
	and	cold	applications	to	the	head.	In	bleeding,	respect	must	be	had
	to	the	effect	produced,	and	not	to	the	quantity	abstracted,	that	is,	till
	the	pulse	is	affected,	or	fainting	takes	place	;	for	this	purpose,	the
	patient	should	be	bled	standing,	and	from	a	large	orifice,	in	a	full	stream.
	About	half	an	hour	after	the	bleeding,	and	when	the	patient	has	rallied
	from	the	fainting,	cupping	is	to	be	employed	behind	the	ears,	or	the
	nape	of	the	neck,	while	half	a	dozen	leeches	are	applied	to	each	temple.
	At	the	same	time,	bladders	of	ice	are	to	be	applied	to	the	shaved	head,
	occasionally	varied	by	rubbing	ether	over	the	scalp	briskly,	and	allowing
	it	to	evaporate.	As	constipation	is	a	marked	feature	of	brain	fever,
	powerful	purgatives	must	be	employed	from	the	first	indication	of	the
	disease	;	for	this	purpose,	one	of	the	following	powders	should	be	given
	every	three	hours,	and	three	table-spoonfuls	of	the	accompanying
	mixture	every/owr	hours.
	Powders.
	Calomel	.	.	30	grains.
	Jalap	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.2	drachms.
	Ipecacuanha	.	.	.	.	.6	grains.
	Mix	and	divide	into	six	powders.
	Mixture.
	Infusion	of	Senna	.....	7	ounces.
	Epsom	Salts	2	ounces.
	Syrup	of	Buckthorn	1	ounce.
	Sal	Volatile	..'....	1	drachm.
	Mix.	If	this	does	not	keep	up	a	frequent	and	vigorous	action	on	the
	bowels,	in	addition,	put	two	drops	of	croton	oil	on	the	tongue,	or
	wipe	the	wet	cork	or	stopper	of	the	bottle	on	the	patient's	lips.
	After	twelve	hours,	and	between	that	and	two	days,	the	second	stage,
	or	series	of	symptoms	sets	in,	the	headache	and	wild	delirium	cease,
	and	are	succeeded	by	a	low	indistinct	muttering	and	a	state	of	stupor,
	from	which	it	is	finally	impossible	to	rouse	the	patient.	Hearing	and
	Vision	become	imperfect	and	difficult,	with	squinting,	double	vision,	and
	D


THE	FAMILY	MEDICAL	GUIDE.
	Mix	and	give	a	table-spoonful	every	two	hours.	Bottles	of	hot	water
	should	be	kept	to	the	feet,	and	a	warm	bran	poultice	placed	round
	the	throat.	When	the	first	stage	of	the	disease	has	been	passed,	in
	addition	to	a	nutritive	diet,	and	a	course	of	tonic	stimulants,	only
	less	frequently	administered,	the	throat	must	be	gargled	occasionally
	with	the	following	gargles	in	succession.	Gargle	No.	1.	Take	of
	Strong	Sage	Tea	1	pint.
	Vinegar	4	ounces.
	Mix.	To	be	used	every	hour	for	three	or	four	times	on	each	occasion.
	Gargle,	No.	2.	Boil
	Bruised	Oak	Bark	2	ounces
	in	a	pint	of	water	for	ten	minutes	;	and	add
	Alum	.	....	2	drachms.
	Mix.	To	be	used	as	the	former.	Gargle	No.	3.	Take	of
	Infusion	of	Rose	Leaves	.	...	1	pint.
	Sulphuric	Acid	30	drops.
	Mix.	To	be	used	as	the	above.	Gargle	No.	4.	Take	of
	Capsicum	Vinegar	6	ounces.
	Tincture	of	Catechu	4	drachms.
	Water,	to	make	a	pint.	Mix,	and	use	as	the	former.	For	the	fcetor
	that	arises	from	the	sloughing,	the	mouth	and	throat	are	to	be	occa
	sionally	washed	with	a	weak	solution	of	chloride	of	lime,	and,	throughout
	the	whole	disease,	the	room	should	be	frequently	sprinkled	with	aro
	matic	vinegar,	or	the	chloride	of	lime	or	tin.
	Ordinary	sore	throat	or	hoarseness,	when	not	a	symptom	of	any	more
	severe	illness,	may	usually	be	easily	disposed	of	by	rubbing	the	throat
	freely	with	hartshorn	and	oil,	and	then	enveloping	the	throat	and	neck
	in	two	or	three	folds	of	hot	flannel,	plunging	the	feet	two	or
	three	times	quickly	in	very	hot	water	upon	stepping	into	bed,	and
	placing	a	piece	of	Spanish	juice	in	the	mouth,	allow	it	to	dissolve	there
	during	sleep.	When	the	sore	throat	is	attended	with	cold	chills,	a	dry
	hot	skin	and	tendency	to	headache,	before	resorting	to	the	liquorice
	and	being	well	covered	up	with	clothes,	the	patient	should	drink	about
	half	a	pint	of	hot	egg-flip	made	tolerably	potent	with	a	due	proportion
	of	gin	or	rum.
	CARE	OF	THE	HANDS.
	IT	is	acknowledged,	by	common	consent,	that	dirty	and	coarse	hands
	are	marks	of	slothfulness	and	low	breeding	;	while,	on	the	contrary,
	clean	and	delicate	hands	are	evidences	of	cleanliness	and	refinement.


100	THE	PRACTICAL	HOUSEWIFE.
	inflammation	and	the	pain	are	both	confined	to	the	locality	or	part,
	and	the	object	of	the	treatment	is	to	allay	that	pain	by	reducing	the
	inflamed	condition	of	the	muscle	or	member.	This	is	effected	either
	by	internal	remedies,	or	what	are	called	constitutional	means,	or
	through	friction,	by	producing	counter-irritation,	or	an	artificial
	inflammation	in	the	parts	of	the	body	immediately	above	the	suffering
	place	;	or	else	by	a	judicious	blending	of	the	two	modes	of	practice.
	When	the	fever,	or	the	acute	stage	has	been	subdued	by	the	means
	already	mentioned,	and	a	part	of	the	body	remains	swollen	and	tender,
	or	when	in	old	cases	this	condition	comes	on	without	other	symptoms,
	the	following	mixture	is	to	be	given,	and	the	part	carefully	guarded
	from	the	cold.	Take	of
	Solution	of	Acetate	of	Ammonia	.	.	2	ounces.
	Wine	of	Colchicum	.....	ounce.
	Syrup	of	Saffron	2	drachms.
	Camphor	Water	3	ounces.
	Mix,	and	give	a	tablespoonful	every	three	hours,	and	one	of	the	follow
	ing	pills	every	night	an	hour	before	bed-time.	Take	of
	Ipecacuanha	.......	3	grains.
	Acetate	of	Morphia	1	grain.
	Liquorice	Powder	10	grains.
	Mix	well,	form	into	a	mass	with	conserve,	and	divide	into	six	pills.
	When	the	health	is	debilitated,	and	the	appetite	defective,	a	grain
	of	quinine	made	into	a	pill	may	be	taken	an	hour	before	each	meal
	for	a	succession	of	days.	If	this	course	is	not	marked	with	early
	benefit,	it	will	be	necessary	to	employ	friction,	which	may	be	carried
	on	concurrently	with	the	medicine,	and	the	best	agent	for	this	purpose
	is	the	camphorated	oil,	which	is	to	be	rubbed	gently	but	steadily	in
	with	the	hand	for	several	minutes	three	times	a	day,	after	a	few	days,
	or	in	old	standing	rheumatisms,	increasing	the	strength	at	first	by
	adding	a	third	part	of	turpentine	to	the	camphorated	oil,	and	finally
	another	third	of	spirits	of	hartshorn.	Mustard	plasters	and	even
	blisters	are	sometimes	employed	in	cases	of	inveterate	rheumatism,
	but	the	steady	and	judicious	use	of	a	stimulating	embrocation	with
	a	hot	bath,	friction	with	the	flesh	brush,	warm	clothing	and	exercise,
	will	in	almost	every	case	cure	a	chronic	rheumatism	without	the
	necessity	of	either	rubifacient	or	blister.
	TIC-DOULOUREUX.
	THIS	extremely	painful	affection	of	the	nerves	of	the	face,	though
	receiving	a	special	name,	is	in	nothing	different	except	in	the	more
	acute	violence	of	its	pain	-from	the	general	or	local	forms	of	neuralgia	;


THE	FAMILY	MEDICAL	GUIDE.	103
	suffering	nature,	and	may	be	employed	in	conditions	of	system	and
	under	circumstances	where	opium,	morphia,	brandy,	and	both	narcotics
	and	stimulants	are	inadmissible,	or,	from	the	necessary	dose	to	effect
	relief,	would	be	dangerous.
	NEURALGIA.
	A	DISEASE	of	the	nerves,	so	called	from	a	pain	in	the	nerve.	It	is
	a	form	of	nervous	affection,	that	may	either	arise	of	itself,	or	be	the
	result	of	some	other	constitutional	disturbance.	Neuralgia	may	either
	attack	the	root	of	the	nerve,	or	where	it	arises	from	the	brain	or	spinal
	marrow,	attend	its	whole	course,	or	only	manifest	itself	in	its	branches,
	or	even	at	the	final	termination	of	its	smallest	filament.	According	to
	the	part	affected,	the	disease	has	obtained	different	names.	When	the
	course	of	the	nerve	is	affected,	as	in	the	hip	or	leg,	it	is	called	sciatica	;
	when	the	extremity	is	affected,	if	in	the	teeth,	it	is	called	tooth-ache	;
	and	when	the	twigs	and	branches	of	the	face	are	involved,	tic-douloureux.
	The	pain	attending	all	neuralgic	affections,	is	of	the	most	acute	and
	agonising	description,	being	sharp,	sudden,	and	plunging	;	coming	on
	in	a	moment,	and	after	a	paroxysm	of	intense	suffering,	abating	as
	abruptly	as	it	commenced	;	and	so	erratic	and	uncertain	are	its	attacks,
	that	it	will	sometimes	be	induced	by	the	most	trivial	motion,	action,
	or	lightest	contact,	while,	not	unfrequently,	a	blow	or	hard	pressure
	has	no	effect	on	the	part.	The	twitching,	or	tic,	that	attends	neuralgia
	so	frequently,	is	always	more	marked	where	there	are	many	small
	muscles	in	the	neighbourhood,	an	aching	numbness	being	left	in	the
	part	for	some	time	after	the	subsidence	of	the	more	acute	pain.
	Neuralgia,	as	well	as	attacking	the	root,	course,	and	extremities	of	a
	nerve,	occasionally	shows	itself	in	the	organ	to	which	the	nerve	ulti
	mately	distributes	itself,	as	in	the	heart,	in	angina	pectoris,	the	breasts
	of	females,	and	other	organs.	Though	the	subject	of	neuralgia	has
	been	deeply	investigated,	no	satisfactory	hypothesis	lias	been	yet	come
	to,	to	account	for	the	origin	of	the	disease	;	and	whether	it	depends
	upon	a	morbid	state	of	the	nerve,	inflammation	of	the	neurilemma,	or
	sheath	of	the	nerve,	from	pressure,	or	some	unhealthy	condition	of	the
	nervous	centres,	is	still	an	undecided	question.	The	treatment	of	this
	most	agonising	disease	must	depend,	as	far	it	can	be	ascertained,	upon
	the	supposed	cause.	When	it	is	symptomatic,	the	treatment	is	much
	easier	and	more	simple,	and	must	be	regulated	by	that	cause,	the	first
	endeavour	being	to	remove	the	primary	disease,	and	after	brace	the
	system	by	chalybeate,	tonics,	wine,	bark,	and	exercise.	When	idiopathic,
	however,	the	most	opposite	treatments	have	occasionally	been	successful,
	and	sometimes	all	modes	of	cure	have	failed	;	and	when	physician	and
	patient	have	both	been	exhausted	with	fruitless	efforts,	the	malady	has
	subsided	of	itself.	As	a	general	rule,	however,	the	constitutional	tonic
	and	anodyne	system,	with	counter-irritation,	has	been	found	the	most
	successful	practice	;	the	three	modes	enjoined	very	frequently	effecting


252	THE	PRACTICAL	HOUSEWIFE.
	mixed	;	cover	the	mould	with	a	piece	of	linen,	place	in	a	saucepan
	with	a	little	boiling	water,	let	it	boil	twenty	minutes,	and	serve	with
	pudding	sauce.
	MINCE	PIES.	Take	a	piece	of	puff-paste,	roll	to	the	thickness	of
	a	penny	-piece	;	butter	the	pans	lightly	;	line	the	pans	with	the	puff-
	paste,	place	in	the	mince-meat	made	as	under	:	trim	and	wet	the
	edges	of	the	paste	with	milk,	cover	with	the	paste,	trim,	press	the
	edges	closely	and	crimp,	prick	a	hole	in	the	centre	of	the	top,	egg	r
	and	dust	some	fine	white	sugar	over.	Bake	for	twenty	minutes	in	a
	moderate	oven.
	MINCE	MEAT.	Take	seven	pounds	of	currants	well	picked	and
	cleaned	;	of	finely-chopped	beef	suet,	the	lean	of	a	sirloin	of	beef
	minced	raw,	and	finely-chopped	apples	(Kentish	or	Golden	Pippins),
	each	three	and	a	half	pounds	;	citron,	lemon-peel,	and	orange-peel
	cut	small,	each	half	a	pound	;	fine	moist	sugar,	two	pounds	;	mixed
	spice,	an	ounce	;	the	rind	of	four	lemons	and	four	Seville	oranges	;
	mix	well,	and	put	in	a	deep	pan.	Mix	a	bottle	of	brandy	and	white
	wine,	the	juice	of	the	lemons	and	oranges	that	have	been	grated
	together	in	a	basin	;	pour	half	over,	and	press	down	tight	with	the
	hand,	then	add	the	other	half,	and	cover	closely.	Some	families	make
	one	year,	to	use	the	next.
	MALCOLM	PUDDINGS.	Take	any	number	of	eggs,	which	are	to	be
	used	first	as	weights,	and	then	mixed	with	the	ingredients.	Place
	the	eggs	in	one	scale	and	weigh	their	equal	balance	successively	in
	flour,	brown	sugar,	and	butter.	Make	into	a	mass	by	means	of	the
	eggs,	work	well,	and	bake	in	small	moulds,	with	or	without	currants.
	Serve	hot	with	wine	sauce,	or	cold	without.
	OATMEAL	GINGERBREAD.	Mix	one	pound	of	Scotch	meal	into	a
	stiff	paste	with	sour	buttermilk,	let	it	stay	all	night,	and	then	add
	one	pound	prepared	Lentil	Powder	(Butler	and	McCulloch's),	into
	which	has	been	rubbed	half	an	ounce	of	bi-carbonate	of	soda,	and
	one	pound	of	brown	flour.	Add	treacle	enough	to	bring	it	to	the
	requisite	consistence,	roll	any	thickness,	and	bake	in	a	moderate
	oven.	A	little	sugar	may	be	added.
	UNFERMENTED	OAT-CAKES.	Soak	one	pound	of	meal	all	night	in
	a	pint	of	sour	buttermilk.	The	next	day,	rub	a	quarter	of	an	ounce
	of	carbonate	of	soda	and	a	little	salt	into	one	pound	of	flour,	and
	mix	with	the	oatmeal.	Roll	out	any	thickness	required,	and	bake	in
	a	moderate	oven.
	OATMEAL	PUDDING.	Soak	four	ounces	of	brown	bread	and	two
	ounces	of	meal,	in	one	pint	of	boiling	milk	;	when	cold	stir	in	two
	eggs	well	beaten,	and	a	little	nutmeg	and	sugar	;	pour	into	a	buttered
	basin,	and	steam	or	boil	one	hour.
	FLUMMERY,	OR	SOWINS.	To	three	spoonfuls	of	meal,	add	one	pint
	of	water,	let	it	stand	in	a	warm	place	until	it	is	sourish.	Boil	it	the
	same	as	for	porridge,	and	eat	with	salt	only.	This	gruel	is	excellent
	for	hot	seasons	and	climates	;	taken	for	breakfast,	it	assists	digestion,,
	and	prevents	constipation,	cools	the	body,	and	creates	an	active	and
	cheerful	disposition.


FOOD	AND	COOKERY	FOR	THE	MONTHS.	265
	SEA	KALE.	Boil	till	very	white,	and	serve	on	toast	like	asparagus.
	SPINACH,	TO	BOIL.	Carefully	pick,	wash,	and	put	into	a	saucepan
	that	will	just	hold	it	;	sprinkle	with	salt,	and	cover	close.	Set
	the	pan	on	the	fire,	and	shake	frequently	;	when	done,	beat	it	well
	with	a	bit	of	butter,	squeeze	quite	dry	between	two	plates,	or	press
	into	a	mould,	and	serve	with	plain	melted	butter	in	a	tureen.
	SPINACH,	TO	STEW.	Squeeze	quite	dry,	put	into	a	stewpan	withou
	Avater,	with	a	spoonful	of	gravy,	a	lump	of	butter,	salt,	and	pepper
	and	simmer	till	ready.	If	a	table-spoonful	of	cream	is	added,	the
	flavour	is	greatly	improved.
	PASTRY,	ETC.
	APPLE	FOOL.	Stew	a	dozen	apples	in	a	stone	jar	on	a	stove,	or
	a	saucepan	of	water	over	the	fire,	adding	in	the	former	case	two
	table-spoonfuls	of	water	to	the	fruit.	When	soft,	peel,	and	pulp	through
	a	cullender	;	boil	some	new	milk,	add.	a	well-	beaten	egg,	and	let	it
	cool,	then	mix	gradually	with	the	pulp,	and	sweeten	with	fine	moist
	sugar.
	DEVONSHIRE	JUNKET.	To	one	quart	of	new	milk,	made	lukewarm,
	add	a	table-spoonful	or	more	of	sugar,	a	wine-glassful	of	French	brandy,
	four	drops	of	essence	of	bitter	almonds	or	lemon-peel,	a	little	nutmeg,
	and	four	tea-spoonfuls	of	essence	of	rennet.	Mix	well,	put	into	a
	glass	dish,	lay	aside	until	set,	and	cover	the	surface	with	clotted
	cream.
	HAMPSHIRE	CHEESE	SNAPS.	Take	a	new	loaf,	steaming	hot,	pull
	in	halves,	dig	out	pieces	about	the	size	of	a	walnut	with	a	fork,	put
	them	on	a	dish,	and	set	in	a	quick	oven	to	brown	lightly.	Stale	bread
	can	be	used,	but	does	not	answer	so	well.	This	forms	a	pretty	supper-
	dish,	when	heaped	in	a	cake	basket,	and	can	be	eaten	with	wine.
	MARROW	PUDDING.	Grate	a	penny	loaf	into	crumbs,	pour	on	it
	a	pint	of	boiling	cream.	Cut	very	thin	a	pound	of	beef	marrow,
	beat	four	eggs	well,	add	a	wine-glassful	of	brandy,	with	sugar	and
	nutmeg	to	taste.	Mix	all	well	together,	and	either	boil	or	bake	it
	for	three-quarters	of	an	hour.	Cut	two	ounces	of	candied	citron	very
	thin,	and	when	served	up,	stick	the	pieces	all	over	it.
	If	baked,	place	a	puff	paste	round	the	edge	of	a	shallow	dish,	and
	pour	the	pudding	in.
	SOMERSETSHIRE	FIRMITY.	Boil	a	quart	of	fine	wheat,	and	add	by
	degrees	two	quarts	of	new	milk.	Carefully	pick	and	wash	four	ounces
	of	currants,	stir	them	in	the	jelly,	and	boil	till	done.	Beat	the	yolks
	of	three	eggs	and	a	little	nutmeg,	with	three	table-spoonfuls	of	milk,
	add	to	the	wheat,	and	stir	well	while	over	the	fire.	Sweeten	and	serve
	in	a	deep	dish,	either	warm	or	cold.
	STAFFORDSHIRE	SYLLABUB.	Put	a	pint	of	cider	into	a	bowl,	with
	a	wine-glassful	of	brandy,	some	sugar	and	nutmeg.	Pour	a	quart	ol
	new	warm	milk	into	it	from	a	jug	held	up	high,	and	moved	in	a	cir
	cular	direction.	Grate	nutmeg	on	the	top,	or	strew	with	nonpareil
	comfits.


274	THE	PRACTICAL	HOUSEWIFE.
	VEGETABLES.
	BEANS,	FRENCH,	A	LA	CREME.	String	them,	cut	into	slips,	and
	boil	in	plenty	of	water,	with	salt	in	it.	When	done,	drain	them.	Put
	into	a	stewpan	with	two	ounces	of	fresh	butter,	the	yolks	of	three	eggs,
	beaten	up	in	a	gill	of	cream,	and	set	over	a	slow	tire.	When	hot,	add
	a	table-spoonful	of	vinegar,	and	the	beans	;	simmer	for	five	minutes,
	stir	with	a	wooden	spoon,	to	prevent	burning	or	curdling,	and	serve
	hot.
	BEANS,	KIDNEY,	TO	BOIL.	String,	slit	clown	the	middle,	and	cut
	them	across	;	cover	with	salt	and	water,	let	them	remain	some	time,
	boil	till	tender,	and	then	serve	with	melted	butter.
	BEANS,	WINDSOR,	TO	BOIL.	Boil	in	salt	and	water	till	tender,	then
	serve	with	parsley	and	butter.
	CHERVIL,	BOILED.	Wash,	and	pick	very	clean	;	put	a	tea-spoonful
	of	salt	into	half	a	pint	of	boiling	water,	boil	the	chervil	about	ten
	minutes,	drain	on	a	sieve,	and	serve	with	good	melted	butter.
	CUCUMBERS	TO	STEW.	Slice	an	equal	quantity	of	cucumbers	and
	onions,	and	fry	them	together	in	butter,	strain	on	a	sieve,	put	them
	with	a	gill	of	gravy,	two	table-spoonfuls	of	white	wine,	and	a	blade	of
	mace,	into	a	saucepan.	Stew	five	or	six	minutes,	add	a	piece	of	butter
	rolled	in	flour,	salt,	and	cayenne	pepper.	Shake	well	together	until
	thick	enough,	then	dish	and	serve	hot.
	ONIONS,	TO	ROAST.	Eoast	with	the	skins	on	;	when	tender,	peel
	carefully,	and	serve	with	cold	butter,	and	salt.
	TURNIPS,	TO	BOIL	AND	MASH.	Boil	until	tender,	drain	on	a	sieve,
	and	mash	well,	with	butter,	pepper,	and	salt.	Observe	that	there	are
	not	any	lumps.	Serve	hot	in	a	vegetable	dish,	either	plain,	or	pre
	viously	pressed	into	a	pudding-mould.
	VEGETABLE	MARROW,	TO	DRESS.	1.	Peel	the	same	as	apples,	cut
	in	halves,	and	scrape	the	seeds	out	of	the	inside	;	then	boil	for	about
	twenty	minutes,	with	a	little	salt	in	the	water,	and	when	soft,	take
	them	up,	drain	on	a	sieve,	and	mash	up	with	pepper,	salt,	and	butter
	or	cream.	2.	Peel,	cut	in	halves,	remove	the	seeds,	and	put	into	a
	stewpan	with	water,	salt,	lemon-juice,	and	a	small	piece	of	fat	bacon.
	Stew	gently	till	quite	tender,	and	serve	up	with	Dutch	sauce.
	MEAT.
	MUTTON,	BREAST	OF,	GRILLED.	Parboil,	score,	pepper	and	salt	it
	well,	rub	with	the	yolk	of	egg,	dip	in	bread	crumbs	and	chopped
	parsley,	and	broil,	or	roast	it	in	a	Dutch	oven.	Serve	with	caper	sauce.
	SAUSAGES,	OXFORD.	Chop	a	pound	and	a	half	of	pork,	the	same
	of	veal,	deprived	of	skin	and	tendons,	add	three-quarters	of	a	pound
	of	beef	suet.	Mince	and	mix	well.	Steep	the	crumb	of	a	penny	loaf
	in	water,	then	mix	it	with	the	meat	;	add	sage,	salt,	pepper,	and	allspice
	to	taste,	roll	into	balls,	flatten,	and	fry	a	light	brown.


FOOD	AND	COOKERY	FOR	THE	MONTHS.	275
	TRIPE	STEWED.	Cut	some	nice	white	tripe	into	slips,	put	the	pieces
	into	some	rich	gravy,	with	a	lump	of	butter	the	size	of	a	hen's	egg,
	rolled	in	flour	;	shake	until	the	butter	is	melted,	then	add	a	table-
	spoonful	of	white	wine,	some	chopped	parsley,	pepper,	salt,	a	few
	pickled	mushrooms,	and	a	squeeze	of	lemon	;	shake	all	well	together,
	and	stew	gently	till	tender.
	SWEETBREADS,	LARDED.	Parboil	two	sweetbreads	;	when	cold,	lard
	them	down	the	middle	with	little	bits	of	bacon,	then	with	small	slices
	of	lemon-peel	on	either	side,	and	then	with	little	pieces	of	pickled
	cucumber	cut	very	small	;	stew	gently	in	rich	gravy,	thickened	with
	flour	;	add	mushroom	ketchup	to	taste,	and	a	squeeze	of	lemon.
	PASTRY,
	APRICOT	PUDDING.	Split	a	dozen	large	apricots,	remove	the	stones,
	and	scald	till	quite	soft.	Pour	a	pint	of	boiling	cream	upon	the	grated
	crumbs	of	a	penny	loaf;	when	nearly	cold,	add	four	ounces	of	sifted
	sugar,	the	yolks	of	four	well-beaten	eggs,	and	a	wine-glassful	of	white
	wine.	Pound	the	fruit	in	a	mortar,	with	half	of	their	kernels	;	mix	the
	fruit	and	the	other	ingredients	together.	Line	your	dish	with	paste,
	put	a	layer	round	the	edge,	pour	in	the	mixture,	and	bake	for	half
	an	hour.
	BRENTFORD	EOLLS.	Mix	with	two	pounds	of	flour	a	little	salt,
	two	ounces	of	sifted	sugar,	four	ounces	of	butter,	and	two	eggs	beaten
	with	two	table-spoonfuls	of	yeast,	and	about	a	pint	of	milk.	Knead
	the	dough	well,	and	set	it	to	rise	before	the	fire.	Make	a	dozen	rolls,
	butter	tin	plates,	and	set	them	before	the	fire	to	rise,	till	they	are
	of	a	proper	size,	then	bake	for	half	an	hour.
	CHESHIRE	PUFFS.	Strain	some	cheese	curd	from	the	whey,	and
	beat	half	a	pint	of	it	fine	in	a	mortar,	with	a	table-spoonful	and	a	half
	of	flour,	the	white	of	one	egg,	and	the	yolks	of	three	;	add	a	table-
	spoonful	of	orange-flower	water,	a	quarter	of	a	nutmeg,	and	sugar	to
	make	it	pretty	sweet.	Lay	a	little	of	this	paste	in	small	round	cakes,
	on	a	tin	plate.	If	the	oven	be	hot,	a	quarter	of	an	hour	will	bake
	them.	Serve	with	pudding	sauce.
	CUMBERLAND	PUDDING.	Mix	six	ounces	of	grated	bread,	the	same
	quantity	of	well	picked	and	cleaned	currants,	beef	suet	finely	shred,
	finely-chopped	apples,	and	lump	sugar	;	add	six	eggs,	half	a	grated
	nutmeg,	a	pinch	of	salt,	the	rind	of	a	lemon	minced	as	fine	as	possible,
	a	large	table-spoonful	of	citron,	orange,	and	lemon-peel,	cut	thin.	Mix
	thoroughly	together,	put	the	whole	into	a	mould,	cover	close	with	a
	floured	cloth,	and	boil	for	three	hours.	Add	the	juice	of	half	a	lemon
	to	pudding	sauce,	boil	and	serve	with	the	pudding.
	GERMAN	PUFFS.	Mix	two	table-spoonfuls	of	fine	flour	with	two
	well-beaten	eggs,	half	a	pint	of	cream,	or	milk,	and	two	ounces	of	melted
	butter	;	stir	all	well	together,	add	a	little	salt	and	nutmeg,	put	into
	tea-cups,	or	small	tin	moulds,	half	full,	and	bake	for	a	quarter	of	an	hour
	in	a	quick	oven,	hot	enough	to	colour	them	at	the	top	and	bottom.


286	THE	PRACTICAL	HOUSEWIFE.
	some	pieces	of	butter	over	them	;	place	another	layer	of	bread	crumbs,
	oysters,	and	butter,	until	the	shell	is	full,	then	cover	the	whole	with
	bread	crumbs,	add	a	few	pieces	of	butter	on	the	top,	and	place	in	a
	Dutch	oven	before	the	fire	;	when	done,	brown	with	a	salamander,	or
	a	red-hot	shovel	held	over	the	top,	and	serve	in	the	scallop	shells.
	POULTRY,	ETC.
	CHICKEN	FRICASSEE.	Half-boil	a	chicken	in	a	little	water,	let	it
	cool,	then	cut	it	up,	and	simmer	in	a	gravy	made	of	some	of	the	water
	in	which	it	was	boiled,	and	the	neck,	head,	feet,	liver,	and	gizzard
	stewed	well	together,	Add	an	onion,	a	faggot	of	herbs,	pepper	and
	salt,	and	thicken	with	butter	rolled	in	flour	added	to	the	strained
	liquor,	with	a	little	nutmeg,	then	give	it	a	boil,	and	add	a	pint	of
	cream,	stir	over	the	fire,	but	do	not	let	it	boil.	Put	the	hot	chicken
	into	a	dish,	pour	the	sauce	over	it,	add	some	fried	forcemeat	balls,
	and	garnish	it	with	slices	of	lemon.
	'	GROUSE,	TO	POT.	Clean	them	nicely,	and	season	with	allspice,
	salt,	mace,	and	white	pepper,	finely	powdered.	Rub	each	part	well,
	then	lay	the	breasts	downwards	in	a	pan,	and	pack	the	birds	as	close
	as	possible.	Put	plenty	of	butter	on	them	;	then	cover	the	pan	with
	a	coarse	flour	paste,	and	a	paper	over	;	tie	it	close,	and	bake.	When
	cold,	cut	it	into	proper	pieces	for	helping	;	pack	them	close	into
	a	large	potting-jar,	press	down	and	cover	with	butter,	then	tie
	close.
	HARE	COLLOPS.	Cut	off	all	the	flesh	from	an	undressed	hare,	re
	move	any	tendons	or	skin,	mince	small,	and	season	with	salt,	allspice,
	pepper,	and	a	little	mace.	If	agreeable	to	taste,	shred	a	small	onion
	fine,	and	add	to	the	mince.	Dust	them	well	with	flour	;	and	having
	browned	some	dripping	in	a	frying	pan,	add	the	collops,	and	keep
	stirring	until	they	become	a	light	brown.	Put	the	skin,	bones,	&c.
	into	a	saucepan	with	a	little	beef-broth,	and	simmer	well	for	half
	an	hour,	then	strain	into	a	saucepan,	add	the	collops	and	a	little	port
	wine	or	claret	to	flavour,	and	simmer	until	done	enough,	taking
	care	to	remove	any	grease	that	may	rise	to	the	surface	during	the
	time	the	collops	simmer.	Serve	hot	in	a	dish,	with	carved	sippets,
	and	slices	of	lemon	for	a	garnish.
	HARE,	TO	ROAST	A	NEW	WAY.	Skin	it,	and	soak	in	plenty	of
	cold	water	for	two	hours,	then	lay	it	in	vinegar	for	two	hours,	and
	afterwards	wash	it	well	in	cold	water.	Put	the	stuffing	into	the	paunch,
	sew	it	up,	and	truss	;	then	put	down	before	a	clear	fire,	and	baste	well
	with	ale	for	a	quarter	of	an	hour,	then	with	milk	for	half	an	hour,
	and	afterwards	witli	butter.	Notch	the	neck	in	two	or	three	places
	with	a	knife.	Dredge	well	with	flour,	baste	to	a	nice	froth	;	serve	with
	plain	gravy	in	the	dish,	and	currant	jelly	separate,	or	poivrade	sauce.
	PARTRIDGE	PIE.	Pick,	singe,	and	clean	four	partridges,	cut	off	the
	legs	at	the	knee,	season	with	pepper,	salt,	thyme,	chopped	parsley,
	and	two	mushrooms	of	moderate	size	chopped	fine.	Put	the	par
	tridges	at	the	bottom	of	the	dish,	and	lay	over	them	some	veal	steak


FOOD	AND	COOKERY	FOR	THE	MONTHS.	209
	side,	but	let	the	pale	side	remain.	Dip	each	cutlet	into	batter,	and
	fry	in	plenty	of	dripping.	Garnish	with	fried	parsley,	and	serve	up
	with	anchovy	and	melted	butter.
	COD	SOUNDS,	BOILED.	Soak	the	sounds	in	warm	water	for	half	an
	hour,	then	scrape	and	clean	well.	Boil	in	milk	and	water,	and	when
	tender,	serve	in	a	napkin,	with	egg	sauce.
	COD	SOUNDS	RAGOUT.	Scald,	clean,	and	rub	the	sounds	well	with
	salt	;	then	stew	in	some	good	highly-seasoned	gravy,	and	when	tender
	add	a	little	cream	and	floured	butter	to	thicken	;	give	a	boil,	and	season
	with	grated	lemon-peel,	nutmeg,	and	a	little	allspice.
	DORY,	TO	FRY.	Clean	and	dry	the	fish	well,	egg	over,	dip	in	bread
	crumbs,	and	fry	a	light	brown.	Garnish	with	fried	parsley,	and	serve
	with	plain	melted	butter.
	HAKE,	TO	BAKE.	Dress	the	same	as	pike	(see	p.	281).
	LING,	TO	BROIL.	Cut	into	convenient	sized	pieces	after	the	fish	is
	cleaned,	flour	well,	and	set	on	a	gridiron	over	a	clear	fire.	Shake	a
	little	pepper	and	salt	over	each	piece	while	broiling,	and	when	done,
	rub	in	some	butter	before	the	fire,	then	serve	with	plain	melted	butter.
	PLAICE,	TO	FRY.	Clean,	cut	into	cutlets,	but	do	not	remove	the
	skin,	and	fry	as	previously	directed	for	brill.
	TENCH,	TO	STEW	BROWN.	Dress	the	same	as	carp	(pp.	254,	268).
	TURBOT,	TO	PICKLE.	Prepare	the	same	as	directed	for	cold	ealmon
	(p.	277).
	POULTRY.
	FOWLS,	FORCED.	Cut	a	large	fowl	down	the	back,	remove	the	skin
	from	the	whole	of	the	body	very	carefully	;	cut	the	flesh	from	the	bones,
	and	chop	it	up	finely	with	half	a	pint	of	oysters,	and	an	ounce	of	beef
	marrow,	then	season	with	pepper	and	salt.	Add	sufficient	cream	to
	mix	it	well,	lay	the	meat	on	the	bones,	draw	the	skin	over,	and	sew
	up	the	back.	Lay	thin	slices	of	bacon	on	the	breast,	tie	them	on	in
	diamonds,	and	roast	it	an	hour	by	a	moderate	fire.	Pour	a	good	brown
	gravy	sauce	into	the	dish.	Remove	the	bacon	from	the	fowl,	arid	then
	place	the	fowl	in	the	dish.	Garnish	with	oysters	or	mushrooms,	and
	serve	hot.
	GUINEA-FOWL,	TO	ROAST.	Lard,	prepare,	and	then	dress	the	same
	as	a	pheasant	(see	p.	291),	and	it	will	be	most	delicious.
	VEGETABLES.
	ARTICHOKE	BOTTOMS,	TO	RAGOUT.	Soak	them	in	warm	water	two
	or	three	hours,	changing	the	water	;	then	put	them	into	a	stewpan
	with	some	good	gravy,	a	table-spoonful	of	mushroom	ketchup,	or
	enough	to	flavour,	a	little	salt,	and	cayenne	pepper.	Boil,	thicken	with
	flour,	place	in	a	dish,	and	pour	the	gravy	sauce	over,	then	^serve	hot.
	SPINACH	STEWED,	AND	EGGS.	Pick	and	wash	the	spinach	very
	clean,	put	it	into	the	saucepan	with	a	little	salt,	cover	it	close,	shake
	the	pan	often,	and	when	tender	and	green,	toss	it	into	a	sieve	to


308	THE	PRACTICAL	HOUSEWIFE.
	LAYING.	OUT	TABLES.
	BREAKFASTS,	LUNCHEONS,	AND	FOLDING	NAPKINS.
	THE	art	of	laying	out	a	table,	whether	for	breakfast,	luncheon,
	dinner,	tea,	or	supper,	consists	in	arranging	the	various	dishes,	plate,
	glass,	&c.,	methodically,	and	adhering	to	the	rules	we	are	about	to
	make	known.
	Much	trouble,	irregularity,	and	confusion	will	be	avoided	in	a	house
	when	there	is	company,	if	servants	are	instructed	to	prepare	the	table,
	side-board,	or	dinner-waggon,	in	a	similar	manner	and	order	daily.
	All	tables	are	usually	laid	out	according	to	the	following	rules
	throughout	the	United	Kingdom	:	yet	there	are	local	peculiarities
	which	will	necessarily	present	themselves,	and	should	be	adopted	or
	rejected,	as	may	appear	proper	to	the	good	housewife	:
	BREAKFASTS.	The	table	should	be	covered	with	a	clean	white	cloth	:
	the	cups	and	saucers	arranged	at	one	end,	if	for	tea	;	and	at	both
	ends,	if	for	tea	and	coffee	;	or	the	coffee-cups	and	saucers	may	be
	arranged	at	the	right-hand	side	of	one	end	of	the	table,	and	the	tea
	cups	and	saucers	on	the	left	;	the	tea-pot	and	coffee-pot	occupying
	the	space	between	in	front,	and	the	urn	that	at	the	back.	Some
	persons	substitute	cocoa	or	chocolate	for	coffee,	in	which	case	they
	are	to	be	placed	the	same.	The	slop-basin	and	milk-jug	should	be
	placed	to	the	left	;	and	the	cream,	and	hot	milk	jugs,	with	the	sugar
	basin,	to	the	right.
	The	remainder	of	the	table	should	be	occupied	in	the	centre	by	the
	various	dishes	to	be	partaken	of;	while	at	the	sides	must	be	ranged
	a	large	plate	for	meat,	eggs,	&c.,	and	a	small	one	for	toast,	rolls,	&c.,
	with	a	small	knife	and	fork	for	each	person	;	the	carving	knife	and
	fork	being	placed	point	to	handle	;	the	butter	and	bread	knives	to
	the	right	of	their	respective	dishes,	which	occupy	the	centre	part,
	and	spoons	in	front	of	the	hot	dishes	with	gravy.	Salt-cellars	should
	occupy	the	four	corners,	and,	if	required,	the	cruets	should	be	placed
	in	the	centre	of	the	table.


MORALS.	57
	faithful	when	not	carried	away	by	his	fierce	hatreds.
	But	in	so	many	alcoves	of	English	poetry	I	can	count
	only	nine	or	ten	authors	who	are	still	inspirers	and	law
	givers	to	their	race.
	The	supreme	value	of	poetry	is	to	educate	us	to	a
	height	beyond	itself,	or	which	it	rarely	reaches;	the
	subduing	mankind	to	order	and	virtue.	He	is	the	true
	Orpheus	who	writes	his	ode,	"not	with	syllables,	but	men.
	"In	poetry,"	said	Goethe,	"only	the	really	great	and
	pure	advances	us,	and	this	exists	as	a	second	nature,
	either	elevating	us	to	itself,	or	rejecting	us."	The	poet
	must	let	Humanity	sit	with	the	Muse	in	his	head,	as	the
	charioteer	sits	with	the	hero	in	the	Iliad.	"	Show	me,"
	said	Sarona	in	the	novel,	"one	wicked	man	who	has
	written	poetry,	and	I	will	show	you	where	his	poetry	is
	not	poetry	;	or	rather,	I	will	show	you	in	his	poetry	no
	poetry	at	all."	*
	I	have	heard	that	there	is	a	hope	which	precedes	and
	must	precede	all	science	of	the	visible	or	the	invisible
	world	;	and	that	science	is	the	realization	of	that	hope	in
	either	region.	I	count	the	genius	of	Swedenborg	and
	Wordsworth	as	the	agents	of	a	reform	in	philosophy,	the
	bringing	poetry	back	to	nature,	to	the	marrying	of
	nature	and	mind,	undoing	the	old	divorce	in	which
	poetry	had	been	famished	and	false,	and	nature	had
	been	suspected	and	pagan.	The	philosophy	which	a
	nation	receives,	rules	its	religion,	poetry,	politics,	arts,
	trades,	and	whole	history.	A	good	poem	say	Shak-
	speare	s	"	Macbeth,"	or	"	Hamlet,"	or	the	"	Tempest	"
	goes	about	the	world	offering	itself	to	reasonable	men,
	*	Miss	Shepard	s	"	Counterparts,"	Vol.	I.	p.	67-
	3*


Contents.
	3.	Single,	double,	and	triple	rhymes,	.	.	.	291
	4.	Position	of	the	rhyme	in	verse,	....	294
	5.	Position	of	rhyming	verses	;	....	295
	Article	VI.	Systems	of	Rhyming	Verses	:	.	.	.	.	296
	i.	The	short,	common,	and	long	metre,	.	.	.	296
	2.	Triplet,	elegiac,	rhythm-royal,	ottava	rima,	terza
	rima,	298
	3.	The	Spenserian	stanza	and	the	sonnet,	.	.	301
	4.	The	ode	;	-	.	.	303
	Article	VII.	Blank	Verse	;	304
	"	VIII.	Pauses	in	Verse	:	.	.	...	.306
	i.	The	final	pause,	307
	2.	The	caesural	pause	.	308
	3.	The	semi-caesural	pause	310
	BOOK	VI.	NATURE	AND	VARIETIES	OF	POETRY.
	CHAPTER	I.	The	Nature	of	Poetry	315
	CHAPTER	II.	Poetic	Diction	320
	CHAPTER	III.	Varieties	of	Poetry	:	323
	Article	I.	Narrative	and	Descriptive	Poetry	:	.	.	323
	i.	Narrative	and	descriptive	poetry	in	general,	.	323
	2.	Epic	poetry;	328
	Article	II.	Didactic	Poetry	:	332
	I.	Poetical	epistles,	333
	2.	Satire	;	338
	Article	III.	Lyric	Poetry	:	339
	i.	The	ode,	340
	2.	The	psalms,	348
	3.	Elegies	;	...	^	....	349
	Article	IV.	Dramatic	Poetry	:	.	.	.	.	.	.351
	i.	Tragedy,	351
	2.	Comedy	;....!...	360
	Article	V.	Accidental	Variations	of	Poetry	:	.	.	.	362
	I.	Pastoral	poetry	362
	2.	The	poetry	of	the	Holy	Scriptures.	.	.	.	364


CHAPTER	I.
	THE	NATURE	OF	POETRY.
	745.	Poetry	is	the	antithesis	of	prose.	Some	consider
	this	opposition	to	consist	in	the	outward	form	only,	calling
	poetry	whatever	is	in	verse,	and	prose	whatever	is	not	in
	verse.	Others	consider	the	thought	only,	and	call	a	piece,
	whether	in	verse	or	not,	poetry	when	the	thoughts	have	a
	peculiar	charm	or	elevation	different	from	the	thoughts	of
	common	life.	The	peculiarity	of	this	charm	lies	in	a	plastic
	or	creative	power	which	the	mind	exhibits	in	the	conception
	of	such	thoughts.	Hence	the	name	poetry,	from	Ttoisa),
	to	make	or	create.	Most	critics,	however,	understand	by
	poetry	such	literary	productions	as	express	poetic	thoughts
	in	verse.
	746.	Hence	poetry	may	be	thus	defined	:	A	composition
	in	metrical	language,	produced	by	a	creative	imagination,
	and	affording	intellectual	pleasure	by	exciting	elevated,
	agreeable,	and	pathetic	emotions.	Poetry,	then,	contains
	three	elements.
	747.	i.	Metrical	language.	Many	a	passage	of	glowing
	pathos	in	oratory,	of	graphic	description	or	tender	narrative
	in	real	or	fictitious	histories,	etc.,	have	all	the	conditions	of
	poetry	except	versification.	We	do	not	call	these	poetry.
	The	valuable	work	of	Macpherson	called	Ossian's	Poems
	does	not	pretend	to	be	a	collection	but	a	translation	of
	poems	which	were	metrical	in	their	original	Gaelic	;	the
	translation	has	all	the	qualities	of	poetry	except	verse.
	748.	2.	A	creative	imagination,	To	create	means	to
	3*3


328	Nature	and	Varieties	of	Poetry.
	lei	in	English	literature.	Their	style	is	simple,	lively,	and
	rapid	;	the	stories	are	brief,	and	the	moral	is	very	obvious.
	Gay,	Wilkie,	and	others	have	attempted	fables,	but	their
	productions	are	wordy	and	want	sprightliness.
	2.	Epic	poetry.
	772.	Epic	poetry	is	the	recital	of	some	illustrious	enter-
	prise	in	a	poetical	form.	It	is	considered	as	the	highest
	effort	of	poetic	talent,	on	account	of	the	loftiness	of	its
	conceptions,	the	dignity	of	its	character,	and	the	difficulty
	of	its	execution.	Few	epic	poems	have	gained	general	ad-
	miration.	Those	most	highly	prized	are	Homer's	"	Iliad	"
	and	"Odyssey,"	Virgil's	"^Eneid,"	Milton's	"Paradise
	Lost,"	and	Tasso's	"Jerusalem	Delivered."
	773.	All	poetry	aims	at	giving	pleasure	:	epic	poetry	does
	so	by	the	exhibition	of	heroic	qualities,	which	it	holds	up
	for	admiration.	Admiration	may	be	called	the	character-
	istic	mark	of	epic	poetry,	while	that	of	tragedy	is	compas-
	sion	;	of	comedy,	ridicule	;	of	lyric	poetry,	sentiment	;	of
	didactic,	good	sense	;	of	pastoral	poetry	the	prevailing	idea
	is	innocence	and	simplicity.	Epic	poetry	is	more	calm,	self-
	possessed	than	lyric	or	dramatic	;	it	requires	more	than	any
	other	kind	of	poetry	a	grave,	equable,	and	sustained	dignity.
	774.	Its	action	or	subject	must	have	three	properties:
	i.	Unity,	which	requires	that	all	the	parts	make	up	one
	well-connected	story,	that	all	tend	to	the	accomplishment
	of	one	grand	undertaking	or	achievement	;	for	example,
	the	subject	of
	Homer's	"	Iliad	"	is	the	wrath	of	Achilles	;
	Homer's	"	Odyssey,"	the	return	of	Ulysses	to	Ithaca	;
	Virgil's	"yEneid,"	the	establishment	of	^Eneas	in	Italy	;
	Tasso's	"	Jerusalem	Delivered,"	the	taking	of	Jerusalem	;
	Milton's	"	Paradise	Lost,"	the	fall	of	Adam	and	Eve	;


49
	Skaggs	:	One	in	particular.	I	just	heard	from	at	Christmas.	This	is	an
	interesting	little	story.	When	we	were	there	in	Portland,	we
	needed	an	advertising	man.	So	this	couple	came	from	New	York.	He
	came	to	be	in	our	advertising	in	Portland.	They	had	been
	associated	with	Safeway	back	there.
	She	knew	Julia	Lee	Wright,	and	some	of	her	recipes	went	into	the
	book	that	I	have.	Safeway	used	to	have	cooking	classes,	the
	electric	stove	was	very,	very	new.	No	one	knew	how	to	use	it.
	They	had	gas	stoves	also,	so	they	all	had	free	classes,	just	like
	you	go	to	fashion	shows	or	anything	else.	They'd	give	you	recipes
	and	booklets	and	try	to	sell	the	product.
	Well.	I	have	one	of	the	original	Safeway	cookbooks,	and	it	is
	pretty	well	used	up.	It	has	all	fallen	apart.	What	I	started	to
	say	is	that	this	advertising	couple	came	out	and	being	from	New
	York	I	felt	like	that's	what	I	always	did.	I	took	care	of	the
	women	of	the	organization,	If	they	wanted	to	shop,	I	went
	shopping	with	them.	They	came	out	to	my	house	and	spent	the
	afternoon.	Whatever	they	wanted	to	do,	I	did.	They	both	came	out.
	Like	I	say.	we	didn't	employ	them	without	interviewing	them
	together.
	It	was	more	of	a	family-oriented	thing	in	those	days.	We	had
	the	picnics.	Everybody	would	bring	their	children,	and	they'd	have
	pie-eating	contests	and	sack	races	and	all	that	funny	old-fashioned
	stuff.	We	knew	the	children.	Well,	this	couple	adopted	a	two-week
	old	baby.	They	had	it	brought	up	from	Chicago.	The	sacrifice	that
	they	made	for	that	child	you	wouldn't	believe.	This	little	girl,
	of	course,	she	grew	up.	She	made	an	unfortunate	marriage,	had	two
	babies,	and.	of	course,	they	took	care	of	the	two	babies.	She	made
	another	marriage	again,	two	more	babies,	and	she	tried	to	go	to
	work,	which	she	did.
	One	of	these	babies	was	distinctly	talented	in	art.	and	so	my
	husband	started	putting	her	through	college	and	through	art	school.
	I	got	a	lovely	letter	from	her	just	before	Christmas	and	a	big
	colored	brochure	of	the	kind	of	work	she's	doing.	She	has	her	own
	business.	She's	in	partnership	with	another	woman	down	there	in
	Los	Angeles.	It	has	been	one	of	those	success	stories.
	There	was	another	case,	too,	up	there	in	Alaska.	We	see	this
	boy	out	there	all	alone.	He	had	one	hand.	I	tried	to	do	things
	with	one	hand;	try	it.	You	can	appreciate	what	these	people	have
	to	do.	He'd	blown	off	this	hand	with	a	childish	experiment.	He
	was	out	there,	and	he'd	stay	out	all	night	go	out	there	on	that
	ocean,	and	he'd	come	in	with	his	little	boat	just	loaded	with	fish,
	and	he'd	sell	them.


INTRODUCTION	5
	many	years	ago,	at	his	preparatory	school,	lit	upon
	the	familiar	name	amid	the	weary	wilderness	of
	stages	and	parasangs.
	Colossre,	famous	as	it	once	was,	owes	all	its
	glory	now	to	the	fact	that	Christ	s	Apostle	was
	moved	to	write	to	the	believers	there	a	short	letter
	of	eighty-five	verses,	some	six	pages	and	a	half	of
	print.	That	letter,	short	as	it	is,	has	given	the
	place	addressed	undying	fame.	We	see,	then,	where
	they	lived,	these	Colossian	believers	;	in	a	town
	maybe	still	nourishing	(though	well	on	the	down
	ward	grade	as	compared	with	its	two	sisters),	lying
	on	a	great	main	road	which	led	to	the	further	East,
	and	deriving	(possibly)	a	respectable	revenue	from
	trade	in	wool.	L.	says	it	was	without	doubt	the
	least	important	Church	to	which	any	Epistle	of	St.
	Paul	was	addressed.
	According	to	Ramsay,	the	proximity	of	its
	younger	rival,	Laodicea,	upon	the	same	main	road
	and	only	eleven	miles	off,	was	fatal	to	its	prosperity.
	The	traffic	of	the	road	could	not	support	both	towns.
	The	Hocks	of	the	neighbourhood	were	famous
	both	for	the	softness	of	their	fleeces	and	for	their
	aptitude	for	taking	dye.	The	name	colossinus	was
	given	to	that	particular	tint	which	appears	in
	cyclamen	blossom.	The	sheep	of	Laodicea	had
	natural	glossy	black	lleeces.	The	hue	colossinus
	(one	would	imagine)	could	hardly	be	undyed.
	It	is	curious	to	think	that	although	the	town
	then	lay	on	the	very	central	route	of	traffic,	com
	mercial	and	other,	St.	Paul	on	his	missionary
	journeyings	had	never	passed	that	way	(so	far	as


30	An	Earth	Poem
	A	monstrel	of	a	hybrid	breed,
	Red,	bleared,
	Contagious,	omnipresent,	sightless,	torn
	Of	molecular	cells	collateral	!
	Long	vampire	contagions	sting	the	rose	of	morn,
	Its	petals	heave	and	weld,
	Now	amid	flames	the	ghost	of	fire	stalks.
	Earth's	breasts	are	built	upon	by	steel	and	mail,
	Her	mouth	is	gullied	with	the	Spit	of	Life
	As	if	by	foes,
	Yet	frail
	Still	grows	the	Evil	that	the	hearts	assail,
	And	pelf	remet	by	putrefaction	here
	Recalls	alone	his	solitary	tear.
	Progress,	with	perturbations,	learns	to	walk
	Children	seize	hours	between	death	and	birth
	All	labyrinthed	and	canyoned	is	the	hall
	Where	trembling	grew	the	seed
	Within	its	cup
	Import,	the	will	most	feared
	Lies	in	his	lair,
	Whose	she-wolf	has	become	predestined	strife,
	At	whose	lean	udders	sucks	the	cub	of	woes.
	Habitude	or	habiliment
	Wherein
	Existence's	filiment
	With	din
	Of	noisy	hands
	Wanders	upon	the	lands,
	Is	shifted,	but	is	left,
	While	more	and	more,


438
	cuiares	uolicias,	os	deixamos	taõbem	com	os	mais	para
	quem	lhe	perteocer.
	mmU	DO	CONVENTO
	Be	S.	António	da	Villa	do	ReciflTe
	BM	PERNAMBUCO.
	CAPITUIiO	1Í.1L1T.
	Brincipio,	e	progressos	desta	fundação.
	S89.	Foi	este	Convento	(1606)	hum	dos	três,	que
	acceitou	Fr.	Leonardo	de	Jesus	da	segunda	vez,	que	o
	elegeo	a	Província	de	Portugal	em	Prelado	maior	desta
	Custodia	do	Brazil.	Fez	junta	em	Olinda	a	vinte	e	oito
	de	Outubro	de	1606,	e	nella	a	instancias	dos	Morado-
	res	do	lugar,	que	a	este	tempo	eraò	ainda	muy	poucos^
	e	de	limitados	cabedaes,	se	fez	a	acceitaçaõ.	Da	terra
	para	o	sitio,	que	foraõ	cincoenta	e	seis	braças	de	tes-
	tada^	começando	na	ponta	da	Ilha,	que	chamavaõ	dos
	Navios^	e	he	a	mesma,	em	que	está	o	Convento,	com
	toda	a	largura	de	praya	a	praya,	fez	a	data	Marcos	An-
	dré	em	quatorze	de	Dezembro	deste	mesmo	anno	de
	1606.	Para	se	dar	principio	á	obra	se	fez	primeyro
	huã	caza	com	soo	Oratório	junto	aonde	se	fundou	o
	Convento	para	a	parle	da	Barreia,	e	para	Prezidente,
	ou	Prelado	della^	com	o	nome	de	Recolhimento	foi	no-
	meado	Fr.	António	Boaventura,	filho	da	Província,	e	já
	havia	sido	Guardião	de	Olinda,	e	por	seos	companhei-
	ros	Fr.	Bernardino	das	Neves»	Fr.	Manoel	deS.	António
	Chorista,	e	Fr.	Gaspar	de	S,	António,	Reíigiozo	Leygo.


224	ECCLESIASTICAL	HISTOEY	[Chap.	LXXXVIII.
	Church	ill	accordance	with	his	word	;	or	otherwise,	that	He
	would	give	strength	to	this	Church,	office-bearers	and	people,
	to	endure	resignedly	the	loss	of	the	temporal	benefits	of	an
	establishment,	and	the	personal	sufferings	and	sacrifices	to
	which	they	may	be	called,	and	would	also	inspire	them	with
	zeal	and	energy	to	promote	the	advancement	of	his	Son's
	kingdom,	in	whatever	condition	it	may	be	his	will	to	place
	them	;	and	that,	in	his	own	good	time,	He	would	restore	to
	them	those	benefits,	the	fruits	of	the	struggles	and	sufferings
	of	their	fathers	in	times	past	in	the	same	cause	;	and	thereafter
	give	them	grace	to	employ	them	more	effectually	than	hitherto
	they	have	done	for	the	manifestation	of	his	glory."	^
	In	August,	1842,	another	decision	was	pronouuQed	by	the
	House	of	Lords,	which	increased	the	difficulties	of	the	popular
	party.	It	had	been	decided,	in	the	first	action	connected	with
	the	parish	of	Auchterarder,	that	the	presbytery	acted	illegally
	in	rejecting	the	presentee.	Another	action	was	raised	in	the
	Court	of	Session,	at	the	instance	of	the	patron	and	presentee
	against	the	presbytery,	for	damages	alleged	to	have	been	sus-
	tained	by	them	in	consequence	of	the	rejection.	This	action
	was	held	relevant	by	the	court	;	and,	on	an	appeal	to	the	House
	of	Peers,	that	sentence	was	affirmed.
	Had	there	previously	been	room	for	hesitation	among	the
	leaders	of	the	popular	party,	there	now	could	be	none.	At
	the	suggestion	of	Dr.	Chalmers,	all	the	ministers	favourable
	to	their	principles	were	requested	to	meet	at	Edinburgh,	in
	the	month	of	November.	This	meeting,	which	was	composed
	of	ministers	only,	received	the	name	of	the	Convocation.
	About	four	hundred	and	fifty	were	present,	and	Dr.	Chalmers
	was	appointed	chairman.	As	the	constitution	of	this	body
	was	peculiar,	so	its	proceedings	were	conducted	in	a	manner
	different	from	what	had	hitherto	been	the	usage	among	Presby-
	terians.	Its	sittings	were	strictly	private,	and	its	deliberations
	'Acts	of	Assembly,	pp.	1125-1127,	1130-1141.	Bryce,	vol.	ii.	p.	254-280.
	Buchanan,	vol.	ii.	pp.	298-301,	345-378.	Hanca's	Life	of	Dr.	Chalmers,	vol.	iv.
	p.	291-299.	Referring	to	the	alteration	of	the	act	of	1799,	Dr.	Bryce	observes
	(vol.	ii.	p.	262),	"	After	undergoing	several	modifications,	introducing	the	pres-
	bytery	of	the	bounds	between	the	minister	of	the	parish,	and	the	minister	of	other
	denominations,	whom	he	might	wish	to	put	into	his	pulpit,	the	act	of	1799,	in	all
	its	provisions,	was	again	restored	after	the	secession,	and	is	now	the	law	of	the
	Church	in	the	matter	of	ministerial	communion."


PITTSBURGH.	1	7«5
	ville,	within	two	miles	of	Pittsburgh,	on	the	Alle-
	ghany	river,	with	its	manufactories	of	cotton,	iron,
	and	the	works	of	the	arsenal,	which	stands	in	its
	centre	;	and	many	other	smaller	places,	rapidly	rising
	into	importance	;	and	all	these	may	one	day	be
	blended	into	one	large	and	continuous	city,	as	London
	is	at	the	present	time.
	With	the	exception	of	the	small	level	plain	on
	which	the	city	of	Pittsburgh	stands,	and	a	narrow
	strip	of	level	land	along	the	immediate	banks	of	the
	rivers,	the	scenery	is	very	bold	and	hilly,	the	emi-
	nences	that	overlook	the	town	in	every	direction
	varying	from	400	to	600	feet,	and	affording,	there-
	fore,	fine	prospects,	pure	air,	and	very	eligible	sites
	for	country	and	summer	residences.	Both	rivers
	are	navigable	for	a	great	distance	from	Pittsburgh
	towards	their	sources,	the	Alleghanny	for	1	80	miles,
	up	to	the	State	of	New	York,	in	which	it	rises	;	and
	the	Monongahela	for	200	miles,	down	to	the	State
	of	Virginia	in	which	it	begins.	Both	are	frozen
	over	completely	for	three	or	four	months	in	some
	winters,	and	for	a	shorter	time	in	others,	and	subject
	to	severe	freshets	when	the	ice	breaks	up.	There
	are	no	less	than	three	good	bridges	across	the	Alleg-
	hanny	;	and	a	bridge-aqueduct,	forming	the	bed	of	a
	canal,	about	35	to	40	feet	above	the	level	of	the
	river	;	there	is	also	one	good	bridge	across	the	Mo-
	nongahela,	which,	being	the	broadest	and	deepest	of
	the	two	streams,	is	most	frequented	by	the	large
	steam-	vessels	coming	up	from	the	Ohio	and	Missis-
	sippi.	The	bridges	are	all	of	wood,	built	on	sub-
	stantial	stone	piers,	and	resting	with	flat	platforms
	on	beams	from	pier	to	pier,	without	arches	;	they


The	General	Preface.	v
	resume	so	curious	and	useful	a	subject	;	and,	as	lie	had	already
	obliged	them	with	his	Conjectures,	do	them	the	favour	to	print
	his	Notes	likewise.	To	this	request	he	so	far	consented,	as	to
	order	them	to	be	transcribed,	and	sent	abroad,	as	above	men
	tioned;	which	he	thought	would	be	a	good	opportunity	of
	communicating	them	to	the	public.	This	is	above	thirty	years
	ago.	In	all	which	time,	I	have	not	heard	a	word	from	thence
	concerning	them	;	whether	it	be	that	they	miscarried	by	the
	way,	or	else,	which	I	rather	think,	the	edition	of	Tertullian,
	of	which	they	were	designed	to	make	a	part,	being	laid	aside,
	they	were	laid	aside	with	it.	But	however	this	may	be,	and
	whatever	may	have	befallen	them	abroad	;	certain	it	is,	that
	length	of	time	has	not	diminished	ought	of	the	high	opinion
	that	has	always	been	entertained	of	them	at	home.	The	learned
	of	our	own	country	have	all	along	had	them	in	their	thoughts,
	and	been	continually	inquiring	after	them	:	and	some,	who
	knew	that	I	had	a	copy	of	them	in	my	hands,	have	often	ex
	pressed	their	wishes	to	see	them	in	print.	Among	whom,	I
	must	not	omit	to	mention	the	late	learned	and	worthy	master
	of	University	College,	Dr.	Cockman,	who	having,	for	some
	years	before	his	death,	undertaken	an	edition	of	Tertullian	s
	Works,	and	wanting	these	papers	for	the	same	purpose	for
	which	they	had	been	formerly	sent	abroad,	desired	I	would
	favour	his	design	so	far	as	to	let	him	have	a	transcript	of
	them	;	which	1	promised	to	do,	with	proper	leave.	But	lie
	died	before	I	had	an	opportunity	to	deliver	them	into	his
	hands.	Otherwise,	the	use	he	would	have	made	of	them	would
	probably	have	prevented	their	being	printed	now.
	I	have	been	the	longer	in	my	account	of	these	Notes,	be
	cause	they	are	the	only	part	(or	entire	article)	of	this	collec
	tion	that	has	not	been	printed	before.	And	from	what	has
	been	said	of	them	it	appears	that	they	were	intended	for	the
	press	by	the	author	himself,	and	that	they	are	now	printed	at
	the	desire	of	many	that	have	thought	them	worthy	of	it.	As
	to	the	other	parts,	they	were	all	published	before	;	but	some	of
	them	so	many	years	ago,	that	they	have	long	since	been	out	of
	print,	and	were	become	extremelv	scarce.	And	others	of	them


CONTENTS.
	CHAP.
	I.	INTRODUCTORY	1
	II.	TOOLS	AND	ACCESSORIES	...	10
	III.	MATERIALS	18
	IV.	SPECIAL	MATERIALS	....	27
	V.	MIXTURES	43
	VI.	SURFACES	AND	THEIR	PREPARATION	48
	VII.	SUBSTITUTES	FOR	LATHING-	...	54
	VIII.	PLASTERING	62
	IX.	MOULDINGS	71
	X.	MODELLING-	AND	MOULDING	.	.	86
	XL	MODELLING	AND	MOULDING	(continued)	96
	XII.	STUCCO	112
	XIH.	DECORATED	CEILINGS	.	118
	XIV.	SCAGLIOLA	.128
	XV.	STUCCO	DURO	AND	GESSO	.	.	.133
	XVI.	SGRAFFITO	139
	XVII.	WHITEWASH,	DISTEMPER,	KALSO-
	MINE,	&o	145
	XVIII.	DISTEMPERING	(continued)	.	.	.151
	APPENDIX.	PLASTER	versus	MATCH-BOARDING	1	67
	RECIPES	.171
	GLOSSARY	.	174


INTRODUCTORY.	9
	could	work	with	quickness	and	surety.	The	great
	instrument	of	the	Moorish	artist	was	the	compass,
	which,	however,	was	not	made	in	the	usual	way
	of	two	limbs	of	metal	joined.	It	was	a	fixed
	measure	tied	by	a	string,	so	that	for	each	dimen-
	sion	there	was	a	different	compass."
	This	elaborate	plaster	work	was	not	permitted
	by	the	Moorish	decorators	to	remain	in	its	un-
	adorned	white	relief.
	"	Gilt	was	very	freely	applied	on	the	stucco,
	especially	on	the	vaults	and	cupolas.	Brilliant
	and	delicate	colours,	such	as	lapis-lazuli	and	ver-
	milion,	were	used	in	the	interstices,	being	applied
	with	the	white	of	egg.	The	primitive	colours
	prevail	in	the	Alhambra,	wherever	the	artist	or
	decorator	has	been	Moorish	or	Arabian.	.	.	.
	The	'	Hall	of	the	Abencerrages	'	is	in	the	form	of
	a	perfect	square,	.	.	.	and	the	walls	are	orna-
	mented	with	arabesques	of	the	most	elegant	and
	intricate	designs.	The	colours	still	retain	their
	brilliancy,	and	the	delicate	beauty	of	the	filigree
	remains	unmarred	after	the	lapse	of	more	than
	five	hundred	years.
	"	The	*	Hall	of	the	Two	Sisters,'	so	named	by
	reason	of	two	immense	marble	slabs	forming	part
	of	its	pavement,	is	exceedingly	beautiful.	The
	stalactite	roof	is	said	to	consist	of	five	thousand
	pieces,	and	though	all	this	plaster	ornamentation
	is	supported	only	by	reeds,	it	still	remains	well-
	nigh	as	perfect	as	when	first	placed	there."


60
	THE	PRACTICAL	PLASTERER.
	Furring	strips	are	stated	to	be	not	essential
	to	the	use	of	this	lathing	in	any	case,	as	it	pro-
	vides	ample	key	when	secured	to	a	flat	surface,
	as	is	often	desirable	to	do	on	the	faces	of	girders
	and	beams,	in	which	case	it	is
	easily	bent	around	the	lower
	flanges,	and	thus	applied	is
	self-supporting.	It	is	common
	practice	to	wedge	angle-iron
	on	wood	strips	vertically	be-
	tween	the	flanges	of	the	iron
	bearers,	and	to	these	secure
	the	lathing.
	Iron	columns	of	structures
	can	and	should	be	protected	by
	"	expanded	metal'	7	lathing,
	furrowed	sufficiently	to	leave
	an	air-space	between	them	and
	the	plastering.	Fig.	14	repre-
	sents	an	iron	column	covered.
	The	capabilities	of	this	spe-
	ciality	in	this	direction	were
	well	illustrated	by	the	capital
	model	of	the	Eddystone	Light-
	house	at	the	Royal	Naval
	Exhibition	of	1891,	designed
	by	Sir	James	Douglas,	and
	built	by	Mr.	D.	Charteris	;	and	the	latter	gentle-
	man	wrote	thereon	as	follows	:	"	I	am	much
	pleased	with	the	results	obtained	by	the	use	of
	your	Expanded	Metal	Lathing	on	the	model
	of	the	Eddj	stone	Lighthouse	built	by	me	at
	Fig.	14.	Iron
	Column,	with	Ex-
	panded	Metal	and
	Plaster,


STUCCO.	115
	to	this	stucco	by	mixing	certain	metallic	oxides
	and	earths	with	it.	'	(See	Chapter	XIV.,	"	Scagli-
	ola.	")
	Speaking	generally,	modern	stucco	in	this	coun-
	try	varies	considerably	according	to	the	species	of
	binding	substance	selected	as	the	matrix.	Either
	hydraulic	cement,	Roman	cement,	or	Portland
	cement	is	generally	used,	clean	fine	sand	being
	adopted	as	the	aggregate.	For	the	earlier	coat
	either	of	the	substances	is	gauged	with	from
	two	to	three	parts	of	it	to	one	of	lime,	Roman
	cement,	or	Portland	cement.	The	latter,	as	I
	have	just	remarked,	has	pretty	much	superseded
	the	former	two.	The	lighter	grades	of	Portland
	are	mostly	used	for	stucco,	and	each	coat	is	laid
	on	before	the	preceding	one	is	dry,	the	brick-
	work	being	well	wetted	before	the	"	rendering	"
	is	applied,	and	the	surface	of	each	coat	being
	left	rough	to	afford	a	key	for	the	succeeding	ones.
	The	finishing	coat	may	consist	of	neat	cement,	or
	cement	and	sand	in	equal	proportions.	If	the
	mixture	be	too	rich	it	is	apt	to	crack	in	drying,
	but	careful	trowelling	will	do	much	to	obviate
	this.
	When	stucco	is	composed	of	plaster	of	Paris
	instead	of	lime	lukewarm	size-water	is	very	gene-
	rally	employed	for	gauging	it.	This	is	usually
	made	by	dissolving	some	fish-glue	or	gum	Arabic
	in	the	water,	so	as	to	cause	the	mixture	to	be
	more	homogeneous	and	avoid	porosity	of	surface,
	thus,	in	cases	where	the	stucco	is	subsequently
	polished,	enabling	a	superior	degree	of	gloss	to	be
	obtained.


DECORATED	CEILINGS.
	123
	general	design	of	the	ceiling.	If	this	ceiling	be
	flat	and	of	the	shape	of	a	parallelogram,	the
	Fig.	50.	Quarter	Ceiling.
	central	part	is	usually	formed	into	a	large	flat
	panel,	which	is	commonly	decorated	with	a	flower


138	THE	PRACTICAL	PLASTERER.
	to	smooth	surfaces	like	polished	marble	or	even
	glass.
	Gesso	has	considerable	decorative	capabilities
	for	delicate	work	in	low	relief,	and	its	use	has
	been	recently	revived	by	Mr.	"Walter	Crane	and
	others,	very	good	examples	of	gesso	work	being
	shown	by	them	at	the	exhibition	of	the	Arts	and
	Crafts	Society	of	1889.	The	low-relief	designs
	were	generally	coloured	with	lacquers	or	coated
	with	parti-	coloured	bronzes,	which	has	a	most
	chaste	and	elegant	effect.
	The	gesso	is,	as	we	have	said,	applied	with
	brushes	(hog's	hair	and	earners	hair	fitches	and
	pencils),	assisted	for	high	relief	by	the	palette-
	knife.	As	the	composition	dries	rapidly,	the
	worker	must	be	prompt.	The	design	can	be
	sketched	on	the	panel	or	other	surface,	the
	gesso	laid	on,	and	while	yet	plastic	modelled
	with	the	brush.	Two	or	more	coats	may,	of
	course,	be	applied	where	desired,	and	in	some
	of	Mr.	Walter	Crane's	work,	where	he	desired
	high	relief	in	a	frieze,	he	obtained	it	by	dip-
	ping	a	piece	of	cotton-wool	in	the	gesso,	putting
	it	in	its	place	in	the	design,	and,	when	necessary,
	modelling	it.
	As	these	descriptions	of	work	will	probably
	hardly	fall	into	the	ordinary	plasterer's	way
	professionally,	we	do	not	deem	it	necessary	to
	pursue	the	subject	further.
	I	would	also	refer	the	reader	to	the	description
	of	Alabastine	(which	is	a	species	of	ready-made
	gesso)	in	Chapter	XYTII.


DISTEMPERING.	155
	clippings	are	the	rounding	off	of	the	skins	and
	can	be	obtained	of	parchment	dealers,	veflum-
	binders,	&c.	These	clippings	should	be	cut	into
	smaller	pieces	and	placed	in	an	iron	pot,	which	is
	then	filled	with	water.	This	should	be	permitted
	to	stand	for	twenty-four	hours,	until	the	parch-
	ment	or	vellum	is	thoroughly	soaked,	when	the
	pot	is	to	be	placed	on	a	fire	and	the	contents
	boiled	for	five	hours,	skimming	off	the	scum	which
	arises	occasionally.	When	the	liquid	is	suffici-
	ently	boiled,	it	should	be	strained	through	a	coarse
	cloth.	If	size	be	kept	for	any	considerable	length
	of	time	it	loses	strength.	When	this	is	the	case,
	dissolve	3	ozs.	or	4	ozs.	of	alum	in	some	boiling
	water,	and	add	to	each	pailful	of	size.	It	should
	then	be	boiled	again	until	it	becomes	very	strong,
	strained	again,	and	put	aside	in	a	cool	place,
	when	it	will	keep	for	several	weeks.
	With	regard	to	tinting	the	whiting,	the	follow-
	ing	will	be	found	a	useful	list	of	colours	:
	Pearl	Grey.	The	admixture	of	a	small	propor-
	tion	of	lampblack	to	the	whiting	will	produce
	this.	Take	care	to	mix	intimately	and	well.
	Darker	shades	may	be	obtained,	according	to
	taste,	by	using	a	larger	proportion	of	the	black.
	French	Grey.	Soak	a	sufficient	quantity	of
	whiting	in	water.	Add	to	this	a	small	portion	of
	Prussian	blue	and	crimson	lake	which	have	been
	carefully	ground	in	water,	and	mix	well.	The
	proportion	of	these	tinters	to	the	whiting	will
	depend	upon	the	degree	of	warmth	required	in
	the	wash.	Mix	with	size	and	strain.


APPENDIX.	169
	used	in	the	London	Board	Schools	is	certainly	high
	testimony	to	their	merits,	although	it	can	hardly
	be	expected	that	I,	in	a	book	on	plastering,	writ-
	ten	to	improve	technically	the	plasterer's	art,
	should	look	with	much	favour	on	a	speciality
	which	goes	to	deprive	the	operative	plasterer	of
	his	occupation.	Any	reader,	however,	desirous
	of	learning	more	about	the	fibrous	slabs,	should
	apply	to	Messrs.	Wright	&	Co.
	That	I	am	not	singular	in	my	dislike	to	the
	extremely	dangerous	match-boarding	is	clearly
	demonstrated	by	the	expressed	opinions	of	two
	competent	experts,	given	after	a	fatal	fire	at
	Clapham	some	time	back,	in	which	two	persons
	lost	their	lives,	and	others	were	severely	injured.
	Anent	this	case,	the	following	opinions	were	pub-
	licly	given	:
	Professor	Roger	Smith,	District	Surveyor	of
	Wandsworth,	said,	in	answer	to	questions	ad-
	dressed	to	him	at	the	inquest,	that	he	greatly
	deprecated	the	present	system	of	lining	shops
	with	match-boarding,	and	characterized	it	as
	extremely	dangerous	in	case	of	outbreak	of	fire	;
	he	also	recommended	that	staircases	in	places	of
	business,	where	a	large	number	of	persons	are
	employed,	should	be	enclosed	in	fire-resisting
	partitions.
	Mr.	Robert	Walker,	District	Surveyor	for	St.
	Martin'	s-in-	the-	Fields,	gave	corroborative	evi-
	dence,	and	said	he	regarded	the	place	as	a	death-
	trap	owing	to	its	being	match-boarded.	He
	further	advocated	that	such	inflammable	houses