Date	Place	Author	Keyword
1996	SIGIR	Singhal,Buckley,Mitra	document length

Summary

Collection-independent document normalization scheme that reduces the gap between relevance and the retrieval probabilities, which is effective in improving performance.

Background

Document Length Normalization

• Reasons for DLN is higher term frequencies(1) and more terms(2).

• Common methods of DLN (no. of issue addressed)
  • Cosine Normalization (1,2)
  • Maximum tf Normalization (1)
  • Byte Length Normalization (1,2)

Contribution

Pivoted Normalization Scheme

• Problem : Cosine normalization tends to favor short documents, excessively penalizing longer documents, which is confirmed by test result over many varieties of collections.

• Pivoted Normalization Scheme (+9-12% in avg. precision)
  • Correct the skew of existing normalization function using
  • Use average old normalization factor as the pivot

Pivoted Unique Normalization

• Problem : Retrieval probability for long document are greater than their prob. of relevance when cosine normalization is used. Using pivoted norm. scheme makes it worse.
  • Prob. of match btw. a query and a document increases linearly in the number of different terms in a document, which should be addressed by normalization.
  • Cosine factor varies like (#unique terms)^0.6, being weaker than (#unique terms)

• Pivoted Unique Normalization (+6% avg. precision over Pivoted Cosine)
  • Use (#unique terms) instead of cosine function (2)
  • Use average term frequency based normalization instead of max. term frequency based normalization(1)

Pivoted Byte-size Normalization (+15% in avg. precision)

• Since OCR-read document can contain many noise-degraded version of a single word, use no. of bytes instead of no. of unique terms for degraded(e.g. OCR) text.

Comment

• Statistical distribution can be a clue in judging the quality of data we got.
• The ability to find the pattern from data is fundamental and significant.

Reference

• Original Paper

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