<s docid="FT933-10240" num="46"> At a hearing organised in early June by the NIST, the association's general counsel, Ilene Rosenthal, testified: 'Unilateral US export controls do not make any sense given the widespread legal availability of foreign encryption programs.'</s>

<s docid="FT943-5307" num="16"> On the other hand, some governments argue that if encryption codes are widely available on the Internet, any individual or group - including potential terrorists or enemy states - will also be able to protect their messages from national security organisations.</s>

<s docid="FT943-5307" num="18"> But many software authors have developed sophisticated programs which incorporate encryption technology that is virtually uncrackable.</s>

<s docid="FT943-5307" num="19"> It is this technology that governments fear.</s>

<s docid="FR940727-2-00005" num="58"> Certain cryptographic devices and technical data regarding them are deemed to be defense articles (i.e.</s>

<s docid="FR940727-2-00005" num="59"> , inherently military in character) and are subject to Federal government export controls as specified in Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 120-128.</s>

<s docid="FR940902-0-00008" num="14"> SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: In April 1993, the President ordered a review of U.S. policy regarding the domestic use of, and export controls on, encryption technology.</s>

<s docid="FR940902-0-00008" num="15"> That review resulted in a determination that vital U.S. interests_national security, economic, and law enforcement_compel maintaining appropriate control of encryption.</s>

<s docid="FR940111-2-00010" num="16"> The requirements are designed to protect against adversaries mounting cost-effective attacks on unclassified government or commercial data (e.g.</s>

<s docid="FR940111-2-00010" num="17"> , hackers, organized crime, economic competitors).</s>

<s docid="FR940111-2-00009" num="46"> Certain cryptographic devices and technical data regarding them are deemed to be defense articles (i.e.</s>

<s docid="FR940111-2-00009" num="47"> , inherently military in character) and are subject to Federal government export controls as specified in Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations, parts 120-128.</s>

<s docid="FR940323-2-00145" num="6"> PPS will be limited to authorized U.S. and allied Federal government and military users and to those civil users who can satisfy U.S. requirements.</s>

<s docid="FR940323-2-00145" num="7"> These requirements are: the use must be in the U.S. national interest; the user must meet specific GPS security requirements; and a reasonable alternative to the use of PPS must not be available.</s>

<s docid="FR940323-2-00145" num="8"> Unauthorized users will be denied access to PPS through encryption of the signals.</s>

<s docid="FR940711-2-00018" num="8"> Export Control: Implementations of this standard are subject to Federal Government export controls as specified in Title 15, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 768 through 799.</s>

<s docid="FR940902-0-00009" num="22"> This shall include when applicable the Federal Stock Number, nameplate data, and any control numbers under which the articles were developed or procured by the U.S.</s>

<s docid="FR940902-0-00009" num="23"> Government; (2) A detailed statement of the terms and conditions under which the articles will be exported and distributed; (3) The duration of the proposed arrangement; and (4) Specific identification of the country or countries that comprise the distribution territory.</s>

<s docid="FR940516-0-00056" num="5"> There will be no transfer of technology controlled for national security reasons; j.</s>

<s docid="FR940516-0-00056" num="6"> Supervision of systems installation, operation and maintenance shall be performed by the licensee or the licensee's designated representative, who shall be from a non-proscribed country, using only personnel from non-proscribed countries; N.B. 1: Supervision of maintenance includes preventive maintenance at periodic intervals and intervention for major malfunctions.</s>

<s docid="FR940516-0-00056" num="10"> All the equipment exported under the provisions of this Advisory Note is being used for the stated purpose and is still located at the installation sites.</s>

<s docid="FR940516-0-00056" num="11"> The licensee shall report the findings from the inspection to the Office of Export Licensing within one month after completing the inspection.</s>

<s docid="FR940516-0-00056" num="20"> The ``production'' technology or ``production'' equipment is not exported or reexported, either directly or indirectly, to another proscribed destination; 2.</s>

<s docid="FR940902-0-00010" num="14"> (7) The applicant agrees to notify (identify foreign end-user) of any end use or retransfer restrictions and (identify foreign end user) agrees to incorporate the following statement as an integral provision of a contract, invoice or other appropriate document when the articles covered by this arrangement are sold or otherwise transferred: ``These commodities are authorized for export by the U.S.</s>

<s docid="FR940902-0-00010" num="15"> Government only to (identify country of ultimate destination).</s>

<s docid="FR940902-0-00010" num="16"> They may not be resold, diverted, transferred, transshipped, or otherwise be disposed of in any other country, either in their original form or after being incorporated through an intermediate process into other end-items, without the prior written approval of the U.S.</s>

<s docid="FR940902-0-00010" num="17"> Department of State''.</s>

<s docid="FT941-10834" num="8"> This move comes in spite of long-term pressure by US business lobbyists against unilateral controls, which they say fail to stop 'rogue nations' from acquiring technology and equipment commonly available from other countries.</s>

