<s docid="LA101089-0095" num="8"> Two UC San Francisco scientists who unearthed "the seeds of cancer" buried deep in the genetic makeup of both humans and animals won the Nobel Prize in medicine Monday.</s>

<s docid="LA101089-0095" num="9"> Their discovery is widely credited with sparking a revolution in cancer research.</s>

<s docid="LA101089-0095" num="10"> Drs. J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus received the award for their finding in the mid-1970s that certain genes that guide normal growth can be converted into cancer-causing genes -- called oncogenes -- that transform healthy cells into tumor cells.</s>

<s docid="LA101089-0095" num="25"> Bishop, 53, and Varmus, 49, both professors of microbiology at UCSF, arrived at their discovery through research into so-called retroviruses, a group of viruses suspected of being the most prevalent viral cause of tumors.</s>

<s docid="LA101089-0095" num="50"> Bishop and Varmus were chosen for the 1989 prize in medicine from about 250 scientists whose names were submitted by nominating organizations.</s>

<s docid="LA101389-0049" num="10"> Thomas Cech of the University of Colorado in Boulder and Sidney Altman of Yale University will share the $460,000 chemistry prize for their unexpected discovery that ribonucleic acid (RNA), which was originally thought only to be a repository of genetic information, can carry out biochemical functions as well.</s>

<s docid="LA101389-0049" num="11"> The discovery may make possible new ways to fight the common cold and other viruses.</s>

<s docid="LA101389-0049" num="12"> Norman Ramsey of Harvard University will receive half the physics prize for his discovery of the atomic clock, which utilized the element cesium to make modern timekeeping possible and, in the process, helped develop a firm underpinning for relativity, one of the most esoteric theories in physics.</s>

<s docid="LA101389-0049" num="13"> Hans G. Dehmelt of the University of Washington in Seattle and Wolfgang Paul of the University of Bonn in West Germany shared the other half for their development of techniques for trapping charged particles for long periods of time, which is expected to lead to the development of clocks that are many times more accurate than even the cesium clocks.</s>

<s docid="LA101389-0049" num="21"> Cech, 41, and Altman, 50, helped evolutionary biologists attack an age-old puzzle that is often stated in terms of the riddle, "Which came first, the chicken or the egg"?</s>

<s docid="LA101389-0049" num="22"> In this case, the "egg" is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic blueprint that stores all the information from which organisms are constructed, while the "chickens" are proteins, which carry out all biochemical functions in the cell.</s>

<s docid="LA101389-0049" num="36"> In essence, Ramsey found a way to measure the frequency with which cesium atoms, flying through a cavity, switch between two electronically excited states.</s>

<s docid="LA101389-0049" num="37"> Since 1967, one second has been defined internationally as the time required for 9,192,631,770 such oscillations.</s>

<s docid="FT944-16013" num="6"> The selection of Israel's prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, foreign minister Shimon Peres, and the Palestine Liberation Organisation's chairman Yassir Arafat as this year's winners of the Nobel peace prize is a clear gamble.</s>

<s docid="FT944-16013" num="9"> There is little doubt that these three men have been the dominant figures associated with the introduction of limited self-rule for the Palestinians of Gaza and Jericho - a process that holds out the prospect of an eventual permanent resolution to decades of conflict.</s>

<s docid="FT944-16013" num="28"> Last year, the Nobel committee selected another pair of peacemakers, Nelson Mandela and FW de Klerk of South Africa, for the prize.</s>

<s docid="LA101289-0221" num="31"> Fifty-two of the 134 recipients of the physics prize have been Americans.</s>

<s docid="LA101289-0221" num="32"> Last year's winners were Americans Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger.</s>

<s docid="LA101790-0153" num="10"> Two American physicists and a Canadian who first detected the universe's tiniest known particles -- quarks -- and an American chemist who re-creates natural substances in the lab were honored today with 1990's final Nobel Prizes.</s>

<s docid="LA101790-0153" num="11"> Jerome I. Friedman and Henry W. Kendall of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Canadian Richard E. Taylor of Stanford University will share the $700,000 Nobel Prize in physics.</s>

<s docid="LA101790-0153" num="12"> "Their discoveries are a breakthrough in our understanding of the structure of matter," the Royal Swedish Academy of Science said in its award citation.</s>

<s docid="LA101790-0153" num="20"> The $700,000 Nobel in chemistry went to Elias James Corey, 62, of Harvard University, for his work advancing the theory and methodology of organic synthesis.</s>

<s docid="LA101790-0153" num="21"> Corey in the 1960s developed "retrosynthetic analysis," a method of breaking down a natural molecule into its component parts to determine how it can be reassembled in the lab.</s>

<s docid="LA101790-0153" num="23"> In particular, it said, Corey's achievement was to show how his method lent itself easily to computer programming, starting a process of computer synthetic planning that is "developing rapidly".</s>

<s docid="LA101790-0153" num="27"> Friedman, Kendall and Corey are the sixth, seventh and eighth Americans to win 1990 Nobel prizes.</s>

<s docid="LA101790-0153" num="28"> Taylor is the first Canadian to win the physics prize.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13089" num="6"> MS RIGOBERTA Menchu Tum, the Guatemalan Indian and human rights activist, yesterday won the 1992 Nobel peace prize.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13089" num="7"> The Nobel committee said Ms Menchu, a 33-year-old Mayan, stood out 'as a vivid symbol of peace and reconciliation across ethnic, cultural and social dividing lines, in her own country, on the American continent and in the world'.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13089" num="8"> Ms Menchu is the ninth woman to win the Nobel peace prize.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13089" num="9"> Detained Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi won the award last year.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13089" num="14"> Before she gained international recognition as a human rights activist Ms Menchu worked in the cotton fields of Guatemala and as a domestic servant for a wealthy family.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13089" num="15"> Her mother, father and brother were killed for their involvement in indigenous rights movements.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13089" num="18"> Ms Menchu became an international figure when, in 1983, she published her biography 'I, Rigoberta,' detailing her experiences in Guatemala's polarised society.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13089" num="24"> Ms Menchu now works with the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations and the International Indian Treaty Council and spends much of her time in Europe.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13089" num="28"> Despite her international prominence, the Guatemalan government treats Ms Menchu as a pariah and accuses her of belonging to the country's leftist guerrilla movement.</s>

<s docid="FT934-14533" num="7"> MR Nelson Mandela, president of the African National Congress, and President F.</s>

<s docid="FT934-14533" num="8"> W. de Klerk yesterday shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for working to dismantle South Africa's apartheid regime and for laying the foundations for peace and democracy in the violence-torn country.</s>

<s docid="FT934-14533" num="19"> The committee said that while previous Nobel laureates Albert Lutuli and Desmond Tutu made important contributions to progress towards racial equality in South Africa, Mr Mandela and Mr de Klerk have taken the process a big step further.</s>

<s docid="FT934-16112" num="7"> TONI MORRISON, the American novelist, yesterday became the first African-American and only the eighth woman to win the Nobel prize for literature.</s>

<s docid="FT934-16112" num="9"> Through novels 'characterised by visionary force and poetic import (she) gives life to an essential aspect of American reality', the academy said.</s>

<s docid="FT934-16112" num="11"> The West Indian poet Derek Walcott won last year, preceded by Nadine Gordimer, the South African novelist.</s>

<s docid="FT934-16112" num="12"> Ms Morrison, 62, is the 10th American to win the prestigious prize, worth SKr6.7m (Pounds 553,000).</s>

<s docid="FT934-16112" num="19"> Her work had its roots in the work of William Faulkner - a Nobel laureate in 1949 - and other writers from the American south.</s>

<s docid="FT934-16112" num="21"> They described her 1992 book Jazz as richly complex, which sensuously conveyed characters and moods.</s>

<s docid="LA072290-0038" num="16"> Most recently, China criticized Aarvik when the Nobel committee awarded the 1989 peace prize to the Dalai Lama, Tibet's exiled leader.</s>

<s docid="LA072290-0038" num="17"> South African Bishop Desmond Tutu, the 1984 Nobel laureate, told newspapers today that the prize to Poland's Lech Walesa in 1983 "and the recognition of the church's battle against apartheid were brave decisions that Aarvik has a great deal of the credit for".</s>

<s docid="FT944-16690" num="14"> If the committee has indeed chosen them, it has acted true to the form which dictated such choices as de Klerk-Mandela (1993), Begin-Sadat (1978) or Kissinger-Le Duc Tho (1973).</s>

<s docid="FT944-16690" num="25"> Recent awards such as that to the Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz in 1988 have helped to make the western public aware that great literature is being produced in non-European languages and cultures.</s>

<s docid="FT944-16690" num="27"> They are at their best when giving the peace prize to a figure who is still controversial or embattled, as Martin Luther King was in 1964 and Andrei Sakharov in 1975; or in recognising a scientist such as Georges Charpak (physics, 1992) whose work on particle detection was hitherto little noticed, yet essential to many flashier discoveries in related disciplines.</s>

<s docid="LA101489-0131" num="40"> Like it or not, the Dalai Lama is now a media hero.</s>

<s docid="LA101489-0131" num="42"> He has lost no opportunity during the last week to promote his favorite subject: freeing his 2 million countrymen from 40 years of Chinese rule.</s>

<s docid="LA100890-0125" num="9"> Two Americans -- one who performed the first successful kidney transplant and one who pioneered bone marrow transplants -- won the Nobel Prize in medicine today.</s>

<s docid="LA100890-0125" num="10"> Joseph E.</s>

<s docid="LA100890-0125" num="11"> Murray, 71, discovered how to master the problem of organ rejection and, in 1954, made the first successful organ transplant, a kidney from one identical twin to another that functioned for 24 years.</s>

<s docid="LA100890-0125" num="12"> The work of E. Donnall Thomas, 70, lessened the severe reaction that bone marrow transplants can cause in the recipients.</s>

<s docid="LA100890-0125" num="13"> His work led to a cure for leukemia in 50% of cases, and in 80% of childhood cases.</s>

<s docid="LA100890-0125" num="16"> The award citation said Murray "pioneered transplantation of kidneys obtained from deceased persons.</s>

<s docid="LA100890-0125" num="17">. . . The field was then open for transplantation of other organs, such as liver, pancreas and heart" .</s>

<s docid="LA100589-0216" num="9"> Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, was awarded the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize today for decades of nonviolent efforts to free his country from Chinese rule.</s>

<s docid="FT944-5123" num="75"> WEEKEND 10-11 Peace prize ceremony On Saturday, Israel's prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and foreign minister Shimon Peres, together with PLO chairman Yassir Arafat, collect the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo.</s>

<s docid="FT921-1142" num="10"> Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna on May 8 1899.</s>

<s docid="FT921-1142" num="19"> He was a joint winner of the Nobel Prize for economics in 1974.</s>

<s docid="FT943-7724" num="6"> Linus Pauling, one of the great figures of 20th century chemistry, has died at the age of 93.</s>

<s docid="FT943-7724" num="7"> He was the only person to win two solo Nobel prizes in different disciplines.</s>

<s docid="FT943-7724" num="8"> Pauling won the Nobel Chemistry Prize in 1954 for his work on chemical bonds.</s>

<s docid="FT943-7724" num="9"> This gave scientists a theoretical framework for understanding the forces that hold atoms together - and a practical guide for predicting the structure and shape of new molecules.</s>

<s docid="FT943-7724" num="10"> Pauling's research is the basis for the computer programs used today in the pharmaceutical industry to design new drugs.</s>

<s docid="FT943-7724" num="11"> His second Nobel award was the 1962 Peace Prize, in recognition of his tireless campaigning against nuclear weapons testing.</s>

<s docid="FT943-7724" num="12"> His anti-bomb petition to the United Nations, signed by 11,000 scientists from across the world, helped persuade the US, UK and Soviet Union to sign the 1963 atmospheric test ban treaty.</s>

<s docid="FT934-15708" num="24"> Morrison has emerged publicly on television as a resolute champion of multi-culturalism in direct opposition to the views of people like her now fellow-Nobel-prize-winner Saul Bellow and the historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr who continue to uphold the primacy of the traditional white-oriented culture.</s>

<s docid="LA021190-0243" num="11"> Nelson R. Mandela, the inspirational leader of the black rebellion against apartheid, has become during more than 27 years in prison a figure of almost mythic proportions among South Africa's black masses, millions of whom have never heard or seen him.</s>

<s docid="LA021190-0243" num="28"> Mandela's refusal to compromise his principles has given him an unprecedented stature in South Africa.</s>

<s docid="LA021190-0180" num="28"> His life was at stake when, charged with sabotage and attempting to overthrow the government -- capital crimes under South Africa's security laws -- he admitted leadership of the ANC's armed struggle and argued that the country's minority white government had given the black majority no option but violence to achieve equality.</s>

<s docid="LA021190-0243" num="34"> As Mandela pointed out at his trial, the ANC only reluctantly took up arms because 50 years of peaceful protest had failed to persuade the white authorities to remove apartheid and grant blacks equal rights.</s>

<s docid="LA021190-0243" num="78"> He has been honored by the United Nations, European parliaments and human rights organizations.</s>

<s docid="LA021190-0243" num="79"> Universities have bestowed honorary doctorates on him, cities have named streets and parks after him and past winners of the Nobel Peace Prize have nominated him for the award.</s>

<s docid="LA021190-0243" num="80"> His face even appears on a postage stamp in Moscow.</s>

<s docid="LA021190-0180" num="81"> The government has tried to persuade blacks to work within the present political system, accepting advisory roles in the government instead of a one-person, one-vote system.</s>

<s docid="LA021190-0180" num="82"> Mandela's stand has made it possible for others to campaign not for the reform of racial segregation and white rule but for its abolition.</s>

<s docid="LA021190-0243" num="94"> But Mandela also made clear his determination to see apartheid ended completely, not adapted through the government's step-by-step reforms, Dash wrote in the New York Times Magazine.</s>

<s docid="LA110489-0043" num="15"> He stars as later-Nobel winner Dr. Frederick Banting, whom we meet as a World War I front-line surgeon sewing doughboys together, a "MASH"-like scene that establishes his gritty texture.</s>

<s docid="LA110489-0043" num="16"> Once home, this irascible, socially awkward and almost-failed doctor, dumped by his fiancee, pitches his bloodied tent in a primitive University of Toronto lab.</s>

<s docid="LA110489-0043" num="17"> There, in the hot summer of 1921, swatting flies and going through 91 dogs whose carcasses pile up, he and his young colleague (an engaging performance by Robert Wisen) inject an experimental extract into a dog with a diabetic pancreas.</s>

<s docid="LA110489-0043" num="18"> The moment becomes a medical milestone.</s>

<s docid="LA110489-0043" num="19"> Finally, once the insulin is purified for humans and a cure is out there, victims are turned down because there's not enough of it.</s>

<s docid="LA110489-0043" num="22"> Banting wins but refuses to go to Stockholm to collect his prize because his Nobel co-winner and Banting's longtime nemesis at the University of Toronto, Dr.</s>

<s docid="LA110489-0043" num="23"> J.J.R McLeod (John Woodvine), didn't earn the honor.</s>

<s docid="LA110489-0043" num="24"> (Years later, in 1950, the Noble people rectified the mistake and awarded the co-prize for discovering insulin to Banting's colleague, Charles Best).</s>

<s docid="LA030289-0100" num="9"> Konrad Lorenz, the Austrian scientist who won a Nobel Prize for his pioneering studies of human and animal behavior that led to theories of man's innate aggressiveness, has died at age 85.</s>

<s docid="LA030289-0100" num="14"> He used to say the research into animal behavior that won him the Nobel Prize for medicine or physiology in 1973 started when he was 5, as he quacked his way to a relationship with a duck he had raised.</s>

<s docid="LA030289-0100" num="21"> His views were controversial, and they became even more so when he suggested that such instinctive behavior might be important in humans, too.</s>

<s docid="LA030289-0100" num="22"> One of his best-known findings was that young animals will become strongly attached to their biological mothers, a process known as imprinting.</s>

<s docid="LA030289-0100" num="23"> He showed that the process could be altered, however, by demonstrating that mallard ducklings would happily follow a human who greeted them shortly after birth and imitated a mother's quacking.</s>

<s docid="LA030289-0100" num="30"> When accepting the Nobel Prize, which he shared with Karl von Frisch and Nikolaas Tinbergen, he apologized for a 1940 publication judged to reflect Nazi views of science, saying that "many highly decent scientists hoped, like I did, for a short time for good from National Socialism, and many quickly turned away from it with the same horror as I".</s>

<s docid="FT921-1412" num="10"> Cesar Milstein of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge discovered monoclonal antibodies - a key development in molecular biology - in 1976 and won a Nobel Prize in 1984, which was fast by Nobel standards.</s>

<s docid="FT921-1412" num="11"> On the other hand, Peyton Rous discovered in 1911 that viruses can cause cancer.</s>

<s docid="FT921-1412" num="12"> He won the prize in 1966.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13568" num="7"> The physics laureate, Professor Georges Charpak of France, invented the electronic detector which is now used in all the world's 'atom smashers' to trace the sub-atomic particles thrown off by high-energy collisions.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13568" num="8"> His multi-wire proportional chamber makes it possible to collect data 1,000 times faster than the old photographic detection methods, the Swedish Academy of Sciences said in its citation.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13568" num="10"> His detector - invented in the 1960s - was used by colleagues from Cern who won the 1984 Nobel physics prize for discovering some of the innermost structure of matter.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13568" num="12"> Professor Rudolph Marcus of the US won this year's chemistry prize for 'his theory for what is perhaps the simplest chemical elementary process: the transfer of an electron between molecules,' the academy said.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13568" num="14"> His theory, developed during the 1950s and 60s, has made useful predictions in many areas of chemistry, including the way plants fix light energy in photosynthesis and the conduction of electricity in plastics.</s>

<s docid="FT924-13568" num="17"> Prof Charpak is France's ninth physics prize winner and Prof Marcus is the 39th American to win the chemistry prize.</s>

<s docid="LA051390-0219" num="22"> Mother Teresa, the recipient of the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize, is often called a "living saint".</s>

<s docid="LA051390-0219" num="23"> She is arguably the most famous Catholic in the world, next to the Pope.</s>

<s docid="LA051390-0219" num="46"> Mother Teresa has gone about her mission with purpose, seeming to have a clear idea of herself and an unapologetic explanation of how she operates.</s>

<s docid="LA051390-0219" num="78"> Although she describes herself as apolitical, her campaign against abortion has become increasingly vocal and political since her acceptance speech at the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony in Oslo.</s>

<s docid="LA051390-0219" num="97"> It has been 42 years since Mother Teresa, then a member of the Missionary Sister of Loreto order, walked out of the cloistered life she knew at St.</s>

<s docid="LA051390-0219" num="98"> Mary's, a high school for girls in Calcutta, and headed for the slums.</s>

<s docid="LA051390-0219" num="99"> The former principal and geography teacher was answering what she took to be a direct call from God to serve "the poorest of the poor".</s>

<s docid="LA102490-0028" num="7"> It is tragically ironic that the Nobel Peace Prize, which has honored in the past some of the greatest champions of justice and models of virtue, has fallen this year upon Gorbachev, the man who chose to use force to suppress the Lithuanian democratic uprising, one of Eastern Europe's most peaceful revolutions of the last year.</s>

