<s docid="FR940318-0-00146" num="75"> Stirling Cycle systems are acceptable as an alternative technology to centrifugal chillers using CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, or R-500.</s>

<s docid="FR940318-0-00146" num="80"> These systems have been used for several decades, primarily in refrigerated transport and cryogenics.</s>

<s docid="FR940318-0-00147" num="10"> Stirling Cycle systems are acceptable as an alternative technology to reciprocating chillers using CFC-12.</s>

<s docid="FR940318-0-00149" num="30"> Stirling cycle systems are acceptable as an alternative technology to industrial process refrigeration using CFC-11, CFC-12, or R-502.</s>

<s docid="FR940318-0-00151" num="47"> Stirling cycle systems are acceptable as an alternative technology to cold storage warehouses using CFC-12 or R-502.</s>

<s docid="FR940318-0-00152" num="39"> Stirling cycle systems are acceptable as an alternative technology to refrigerated transport using CFC-12, R-500, or R-502.</s>

<s docid="FR940318-0-00153" num="45"> Stirling cycle systems are acceptable as an alternative technology to retail food refrigeration using CFC-12 or R-502.</s>

<s docid="FR940318-0-00154" num="22"> Stirling cycle systems are acceptable as an alternative technology to commercial ice machines using CFC-12 or R-502.</s>

<s docid="FR940318-0-00154" num="42"> Stirling cycle systems are acceptable as an alternative technology to vending machines using CFC-12.</s>

<s docid="FR940318-0-00154" num="59"> Stirling cycle systems are acceptable as an alternative technology to water coolers using CFC-12.</s>

<s docid="FR940318-0-00155" num="38"> Stirling cycle systems are acceptable as an alternative technology to household refrigerators using CFC-12.</s>

<s docid="FR940318-0-00155" num="39"> Research and development efforts are underway to produce household refrigerators using this cycle.</s>

<s docid="FR940318-0-00156" num="26"> Stirling cycle systems are acceptable as an alternative technology to household freezers using CFC-12 or R-502.</s>

<s docid="FR940318-0-00157" num="52"> Stirling cycle systems are acceptable as an alternative technology to motor vehicle air conditioners using CFC-12.</s>

<s docid="FR940318-0-00157" num="53"> A full scale Stirling cycle motor vehicle air conditioning system has been built.</s>

<s docid="FT923-9701" num="10"> Much of the work has been based on adaptations of the Stirling cycle engine patented by the Rev James Stirling in 1816, which can be used as a refrigerator if the direction of rotation is reversed.</s>

<s docid="FT923-9701" num="12"> Oxford's Stirling cycle cryocoolers are used almost exclusively for cooling infra-red detectors to give clearer images - two of its machines are installed on satellites - and its machines are now licensed to four companies in the UK and US, with a fifth deal in prospect.</s>

<s docid="FT923-9701" num="36"> At Oxford, there is particular interest in developing Stirling cycle 'green' refrigerators - using nitrogen rather than ozone-damaging CFCs as the refrigerant.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-24505" num="25"> The plant will consist of two independent parts: The first will convert solar radiation into electricity by using solar batteries based on silicon single crystals and polycrystals, and the second part (the thermodynamic part) will use Stirling motor-generators (i.e.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-24505" num="26"> , electrical generators connected to a Stirling motor that is excited by solar radiation) as converters.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-24505" num="27"> The new solar electric power plant includes the following components: four fields of solar photoeletric modules; two fields of solar modules with Stirling motor-generators; a field of solar water-heating modules; three inverter substations; and control, regulation, protection, and automation systems.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-40450" num="1193"> The reason for Philips' interest was that the engine could be used to generate electric power for radio and other electrical equipment in unexploited areas where kerosene and oil were available, primarily the Dutch colonies at that time in Asia.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-40450" num="1202"> It was environmentally friendly, fuel-saving, could be used with many different fuels and the number of possible applications was large.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-40450" num="1208"> Kockums' idea was originally to utilize the Stirling engine in submarines.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-40450" num="1214"> They foresaw the following applications, for example: - in submarines - in cars, trucks and buses - for stationary power generation - for heat pumps.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-40450" num="1260"> Volvo Penta also held discussions involving Stirling engines for use in boats, both as propulsion engines and as power and heat generators.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-40450" num="1263"> The Stirling engine is nearly ideal for submarines: - Independent air supply; combustion of pure oxygen, which is stored in liquid form - combustion takes place at high pressure, with the result that emissions can be released without using additional energy - long operating life - quiet operation, low vibration level.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-40450" num="1266"> The Swedish Navy has ordered three submarines of the Gotland series, in which Stirling engines are to be used.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-40450" num="1267"> The Australian Navy has ordered six submarines from Kockums, with options for another two.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-40450" num="1277"> United Stirling, together with FFV, has sold approximately 190 engines up to and including 1991.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-40450" num="1278"> These were mainly prototypes for cars, buses and diverse energy applications, such as engines for submarines, etc.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-40450" num="1285"> The submarine concept was included early on, but other potential applications took over, primarily applications for vehicles and the generation of energy, because this was where the largest subsidies were.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-40450" num="1287"> One potential commercial application existed in the energy field, the solar concentrator.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-40450" num="1292"> As for submarines, the Stirling engine offers major advantages.</s>

<s docid="FBIS3-40450" num="1295"> The technical breakthrough for the Stirling engine within a very special field, submarines, has arrived.</s>

